Book 10: Sale by Advance (Salam)
Title of book: Minhaj al-Talibin wa Umdat al-Muftin (منهاج الطالبين وعمدة المفتين في الفقه)
Author: Imam Nawawi
Full name: Imam Muhyiddin Abi Zakariyya Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (أبو زكريا يحيى بن شرف بن مُرِّيِّ بن حسن بن حسين بن محمد جمعة بن حِزام الحزامي النووي الشافعي)
Born: Muharram 631 AH/ October 1233 Nawa, Ayyubid Sultanate
Died: 24 Rajab 676 AH [9]/ 21 December 1277 (age 45) Nawa, Mamluk Sultanate
Resting place: Nawa, present Syria
Translated into English by: E. C. HOWARD
Field of study: sharia, Islamic law, fiqh, Islamic jurisprudence of Shafi'i's school of thought
Type of literature dan reference: classical Arabic books
Contents
كتاب السَّلَمِ
BOOK 10 .— SALE BY ADVANCE
هُوَ بَيْعُ مَوْصُوفٍ فِي الذِّمَّةِ يُشْتَرَطُ لَهُ مَعَ شُرُوطِ الْبَيْعِ
أُمُورٌ: أَحَدُهَا تَسْلِيمُ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ فِي الْمَجْلِسِ فَلَوْ أُطْلِقَ
ثُمَّ عَيَّنَ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الْمَجْلِسِ جَازَ.
وَلَوْ أَحَالَ
بِهِ وَقَبَضَهُ الْمُحَالُ فِي الْمَجْلِسِ فَلَا.
وَلَوْ قَبَضَهُ
وَأُودَعَهُ الْمُسْلِمُ جَازَ، وَيَجُوزُ كَوْنُهُ مَنْفَعَةً، وَتُقْبَضُ
بِقَبْضِ الْعَيْنِ.
وَإِذَا فُسِخَ السَّلَمُ وَرَأْسُ الْمَالِ
بَاقٍ اسْتَرَدَّهُ بِعَيْنِهِ، وَقِيلَ: لَلْمُسْلَمِ إلَيْهِ رَدُّ بَدَلِهِ
إنْ عَيَّنَ فِي الْمَجْلِسِ دُونَ الْعَقْدِ، وَرُؤْيَةُ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ
تَكْفِي عَنْ مَعْرِفَةِ قَدْرِهِ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ.
الثَّانِي
كَوْنُ الْمُسْلَمِ فِيهِ دَيْنًا فَلَوْ قَالَ أَسْلَمْت إلَيْك هَذَا الثَّوْبَ
فِي هَذَا الْعَبْدِ فَلَيْسَ بِسَلَمٍ وَلَا يَنْعَقِدُ بَيْعًا فِي
الْأَظْهَرِ.
وَلَوْ قَالَ اشْتَرَيْت مِنْك ثَوْبًا صِفَتُهُ كَذَا
بِهَذِهِ الدَّرَاهِمِ فَقَالَ بِعْتُكَ انْعَقَدَ بَيْعًا وَقِيلَ سَلَمًا.
الثَّالِثُ:
الْمَذْهَبُ أَنَّهُ إذَا أَسْلَمَ بِمَوْضِعٍ لَا يَصْلُحُ لِلتَّسْلِيمِ، أَوْ
يَصْلُحُ وَلِحَمْلِهِ مُؤْنَةٌ اُشْتُرِطَ بَيَانُ مَحَلِّ التَّسْلِيمِ
وَإِلَّا فَلَا.
وَيَصِحُّ حَالًّا وَمُؤَجَّلاً فَإِنْ أَطْلَقَ
انْعَقَدَ حَالًّا، وَقِيلَ لَا يَنْعَقِدُ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ الْعِلْمُ
بِالْأَجَلِ.
فَإِنْ عَيَّنَ شُهُورَ الْعَرَبِ أَوْ الْفُرْسِ أَوْ
الرُّومِ جَازَ.
وَإِنْ أَطْلَقَ حُمِلَ عَلَى الْهِلَالِيِّ،
فَإِنْ انْكَسَرَ شَهْرٌ حَسِبَ الْبَاقِيَ بِالْأَهِلَّةِ وَتُمِّمَ الْأَوَّلُ
ثَلَاثِينَ، وَالْأَصَحُّ صِحَّةُ تَأْجِيلِهِ بِالْعِيدِ وَجُمَادَى، وَيُحْمَلُ
عَلَى الْأَوَّلِ.
BOOK 10 .— SALE BY ADVANCE
Section
The salam or advance is a
sale of goods that have not been
seen, but
are specified in the
contract. Besides the conditions necessary
for an
ordinary sale, there are
required for the legality of a salam
the following
additional conditions : —
. The payment of the value
advanced must take place on the spot.
It is permissible to promise an
advance at first in vague terms,
provided it
is afterwards specified with
precision, and paid upon the spot ; but
it is not permissible to transfer,
as an advance, a debt duo from a third
person, even if the latter pays
immediately. There is no objection to
the person who receives the advance
touching it and depositing it with
the person who made it. It
need not consist of coin ; and may
even
consist of the use of some
object, but possession must still be
taken on
the spot. In the ease
of dissolution of contract of salam,
what has
been advanced may be
reclaimed, where it is some particular
object
still existing, though a few
jurists maintain that the advance may then
be replaced by other things of
value. This faculty, however, is limited
in their opinion, to cases where
the objects advanced were not specified
in the contract, but afterwards,
though upon the same occasion. *In-
spection of what is given by
way of advance suffices to ascertain the
quantity.
. The goods upon
which the advance has been given
must be
regarded as a debt due by
the person receiving their value in
advance.
Consequently, if one says, e.g. “
I advance you this piece of cloth for
this slave here,” there is neither a
salam nor an ordinary sale. But if
one says, “ I buy from you a piece
of cloth of such and such a description,
for these pieces of money,” to
which the other party replies, “ I sell
you
the piece of cloth,” it is
an ordinary sale, or according to
others, a con-
tract of salam, that has
been concluded.
. According to our
school the place of delivery must be
indicated ;
at any rate if the
salam is effected in a place which
is either unsuitable
for it, or
would necessitate much expense in
transport. Otherwise no
stipulation as to
place of delivery is required. Delivery
of the goods
can be effected either
at once or within a given time ; but
if no time is
agreed upon, it
should be done at once. Others
maintain that an
omission to stipulate a
time of delivery nullifies the salam.
In all cases,
if the delivery is
not effected at once, a time must be
determined on,
either according to the
months of the Arabs, or according to
those of
the Persians or Greeks. A
mere enumeration of a certain number of
months, not mentioning any particular
calendar, is held to refer to the
lunar year. In case of an
agreement concluded in the middle of a
month, its remaining days are taken
into account ; so that, for example,
a
term “ of one month ” expires thirty
days later. fThe time may also
be
indicated by saying “ at the festival ”
or “ at the month of Jumada.”
فصل [في بقية الشروط السبعة]
يُشْتَرَطُ كَوْنُ الْمُسْلَمِ
فِيهِ مَقْدُورًا عَلَى تَسْلِيمِهِ عِنْدَ وُجُوبِ التَّسْلِيمِ.
فَإِنْ
كَانَ يُوجَدُ بِبَلَدٍ آخَرَ صَحَّ إنْ اُعْتِيدَ نَقْلُهُ لِلْبَيْعِ، وَإِلَّا
فَلَا.
وَلَوْ أَسْلَمَ فِيمَا يَعُمُّ فَانْقَطَعَ فِي مَحِلِّهِ
لَمْ يَنْفَسِخْ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، فَيُتَخَيَّرُ الْمُسْلِمُ بَيْنَ فَسْخِهِ،
وَالصَّبْرِ حَتَّى يُوجَدَ.
وَلَوْ عَلِمَ قَبْلَ الْمَحِلِّ
انْقِطَاعَهُ عِنْدَهُ فَلَا خِيَارَ قَبْلَهُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَكَوْنُهُ
مَعْلُومَ الْقَدْرِ كَيْلاً أَوْ وَزْنًا أَوْ عَدًّا أَوْ ذَرْعًا، وَيَصِحُّ
الْمَكِيلُ وَزْنًا وَعَكْسُهُ.
وَلَوْ أَسْلَمَ فِي مِائَةِ صَاعٍ
حِنْطَةً عَلَى أَنَّ وَزْنَهَا كَذَا لَمْ يَصِحَّ، وَيُشْتَرَطُ الْوَزْنُ فِي
الْبِطِّيخِ وَالْبَاذِنْجَانِ وَالْقِثَّاءِ وَالسَّفَرْجَلِ
وَالرُّمَّانِ.
وَيَصِحُّ فِي الْجَوْزِ وَاللَّوْزِ بِالْوَزْنِ
فِي نَوْعٍ يَقِلُّ اخْتِلَافُهُ، وَكَذَا كَيْلاً فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَيُجْمَعُ
فِي اللَّبِنِ بَيْنَ الْعَدِّ وَالْوَزْنِ، وَلَوْ عَيَّنَ مِكْيَالاً فَسَدَ
إنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مُعْتَادًا، وَإِلَّا فَلَا فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَوْ
أَسْلَمَ فِي ثَمَرِ قَرْيَةٍ صَغِيرَةٍ لَمْ يَصِحَّ، أَوْ عَظِيمَةٍ صَحَّ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ.
وَمَعْرِفَةُ الْأَوْصَافِ الَّتِي يَخْتَلِفُ بِهَا
الْغَرَضُ اخْتِلَافًا ظَاهِرًا، وَذِكْرُهَا فِي الْعَقْدِ عَلَى وَجْهٍ لَا
يُؤَدِّي إلَى عِزَّةِ الْوُجُودِ.
فَلَا يَصِحُّ فِيمَا لَا
يَنْضَبِطُ مَقْصُودُهُ كَالْمُخْتَلِطِ الْمَقْصُودِ الْأَرْكَانِ كَهَرِيسَةٍ
وَمَعْجُونٍ وَغَالِيَةٍ وَخُفٍّ وَتِرْيَاقٍ مَخْلُوطٍ، وَالْأَصَحُّ صِحَّتُهُ
فِي الْمُخْتَلِطِ الْمُنْضَبِطِ كَعَتَّابِيٍّ وَخَزٍّ وَجُبْنٍ وَأَقِطٍ
وَشَهْدٍ وَخَلِّ تَمْرٍ أَوْ زَبِيبٍ، لَا الْخُبْزِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ عِنْدَ
الْأَكْثَرِينَ.
وَلَا يَصِحُّ فِيمَا يَنْدُرُ وُجُودُهُ كَلَحْمِ
الصَّيْدِ بِمَوْضِعِ الْعِزَّةِ، وَلَا فِيمَا لَوْ اُسْتُقْصِيَ وَصْفُهُ عَزَّ
وُجُودُهُ كَاللُّؤْلُؤِ الْكِبَارِ وَالْيَوَاقِيتِ وَجَارِيَةٍ وَأُخْتِهَا
أَوْ وَلَدِهَا.
Section (2)
The conditions
permitting one legally to receive an
advance on
goods are four —
.
The goods should be of a nature to
admit of their delivery at the
term
stipulated. Consequently an advance may be
received for goods
coming from another
place only when they are regularly
brought for
sale to the place of
delivery ; otherwise such a course would
be inadmis-
sible. When an advance has
been given on produce to be found
every-
where, but which happens to be
unprocurable at the moment stipulated
for
delivery, *the contract is not necessarily
cancelled, but the creditor
can at
his choice either claim its cancellation,
or have patience and wait
until the
things arrive. |A creditor never has
any right to cancel the
contract
before the expiry of the term fixed,
even though he may know
for certain
that the goods cannot be delivered
him within the time
agreed.
.
There must be a precise specification of
the amount, either by
measure of
capacity, or by weight, or by
number, or by measure of
length,
except as follows : — Produce ordinarily
sold by capacity, may be
specified
by weight, or vice versd ; but the
quantity may not be specified
in two
ways. Thus one may not stipulate for
one hundred saas of corn
to weigh
so many pounds. Melons, tomatoes,
cucumbers, quinces, and
pomegranates are
estimated only by weight ; while nuts and
almonds
are calculated either by weight,
for, when the sizes vary very
little, by
measure. Bricks are sold
by number, or weight, but not by
measure.
In the latter case the
contract is invalid, unless it is
the local custom,
fwhen it becomes a
regular sale. An advance cannot be
given upon a
certain quantity of
fruit from some village specially
mentioned ; f but
this may be done
in the case of a large village which
is sure to have a
sufficient supply
at the due date.
. The quality
must be known, or at least thoso
essential qualities
on which depends the
objectjof the purchase. They must be
mentioned
in the contract, without,
however, making an enumeration so meticulous
as to cause great difficulty in
finding goods to correspond to the
descrip-
tion. Consequently a salam is forbidden
with respect to articles with
which
this is impossible. Such is the
case, for example, with a com-
bination of
qualities, each with a particular object,
as in the eatable
known as liarisa,
the medicine majun, the perfume called
ghaliya, shoes,
or a compound antidote.
fOn the other hand a salam is lawful
in the
case of goods which, though
composite have a single particular object.
Instances of these are the materials
known as attaba and khazz, cheese,
akit, honey, date vinegar and grapes
; f but not bread, at least according
to most jurists.
. The things
should not be difficult to obtain,
by their very nature —
like game, in
places where it is rare — nor of a
quality rarely met with,
though of
an article itself not at all rare,
such as pearls of an enormous
size,
precious stones of a certain shade of
colour, a slave with her sister
or
child, etc.
فرع [في محل السلم وشروطه]
يَصِحُّ فِي الْحَيَوَانِ فَيُشْتَرَطُ
فِي الرَّقِيقِ ذِكْرُ نَوْعِهِ كَتُرْكِيٍّ وَلَوْنِهِ كَأَبْيَضَ، وَيَصِفُ
بَيَاضَهُ بِسُمْرَةٍ أَوْ شُقْرَةٍ، وَذُكُورَتَهُ وَأُنُوثَتَهُ، وَسِنَّهُ
وَقَدَّهُ طُولاً وَقِصَرًا، وَكُلُّهُ عَلَى التَّقْرِيبِ، وَلَا يُشْتَرَطُ
ذِكْرُ الْكَحَلِ وَالسِّمَنِ وَنَحْوُهُمَا فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَفِي الْإِبِلِ
وَالْخَيْلِ وَالْبِغَالِ وَالْحَمِيرِ الذُّكُورَةُ وَالْأُنُوثَةُ، وَالسِّنُّ
وَاللَّوْنُ وَالنَّوْعُ.
وَفِي الطَّيْرِ النَّوْعُ وَالصِّغَرُ
وَكِبَرُ الْجُثَّةِ.
وَفِي اللَّحْمِ لَحْمُ بَقَرٍ، أَوْ ضَأْنٍ
أَوْ مَعْزٍ ذَكَرٍ خَصِيٍّ رَضِيعٍ مَعْلُوفٍ أَوْ ضِدِّهَا مِنْ فَخِذٍ أَوْ
كَتِفٍ أَوْ جَنْبٍ، وَيُقْبَلُ عَظْمُهُ عَلَى الْعَادَةِ.
وَفِي
الثِّيَابِ الْجِنْسُ وَالطُّولُ وَالْعَرْضُ وَالْغِلَظُ وَالدِّقَّةُ
وَالصَّفَاقَةُ وَالرِّقَّةُ وَالنُّعُومَةُ وَالْخُشُونَةُ، وَمُطْلَقُهُ
يُحْمَلُ عَلَى الْخَامِ، وَيَجُوزُ فِي الْمَقْصُورِ، وَفِيمَا صُبِغَ غَزْلُهُ
قَبْلَ النَّسْجِ كَالْبُرُودِ، وَالْأَقْيَسُ صِحَّتُهُ فِي الْمَصْبُوغِ
بَعْدَهُ.
قُلْتُ: الْأَصَحُّ مَنْعُهُ وَبِهِ قَطَعَ
الْجُمْهُورُ، وَاَللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.
وَفِي التَّمْرِ لَوْنُهُ
وَنَوْعُهُ وَبَلَدُهُ، وَصِغَرُ الْحَبَّاتِ وَكِبَرُهَا وَعِتْقُهُ
وَحَدَاثَتُهُ، وَالْحِنْطَةُ وَسَائِرُ الْحُبُوبِ كَالتَّمْرِ.
وَفِي
الْعَسَلِ جَبَلِيٌّ أَوْ بَلَدِيٌّ صَيْفِيٌّ، أَوْ خَرِيفِيٌّ أَبْيَضُ أَوْ
أَصْفَرُ، وَلَا يُشْتَرَطُ الْعِتْقُ وَالْحَدَاثَةُ.
وَلَا
يَصِحُّ فِي الْمَطْبُوخِ وَالْمَشْوِيِّ، وَلَا يَضُرُّ تَأْثِيرُ
الشَّمْسِ.
وَالْأَظْهَرُ مَنْعُهُ فِي رُءُوسِ الْحَيَوَانِ، وَلَا
يَصِحُّ فِي مُخْتَلِفٍ كَبُرْمَةٍ مَعْمُولَةٍ وَجِلْدٍ وَكُوزٍ وَطَسٍّ
وَقُمْقُمٍ وَمَنَارَةٍ وَطِنْجِيرٍ وَنَحْوِهَا.
وَيَصِحُّ فِي
الْأَسْطَالِ الْمُرَبَّعَةِ وَفِيمَا صُبَّ فِي قَالِبٍ، وَلَا يُشْتَرَطُ
ذِكْرُ الْجَوْدَةِ وَالرَّدَاءَةِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ وَيُحْمَلُ مُطْلَقُهُ عَلَى
الْجَيِّدِ، وَيُشْتَرَطُ مَعْرِفَةُ الْعَاقِدَيْنِ الصِّفَاتِ وَكَذَا
غَيْرُهُمَا فِي الْأَصَحِّ
Section (3)
Domestic animals, and
slaves, can be dealt with in a
contract of
salam . In the case of
slaves their nationality should be
specified, as,
e.g. “ a Turkish slavo ” ;
or their colour, stipulating, for example,
“ a white slave,” and mentioning whether
he should have a tawny or a
ruddy
complexion. Besides this, when dealing in
slaves, sex, age, and
approximate height
should be indicated ; but it is not
necessary to
specify whethor a slave has
brown eyelashes, or is fat, etc. In
the case
of camels, horses, mules
and donkeys, sex, age, colour and
species are
mentioned ; in the case
of birds, species and size of the
body ; in the
case of meat it
must be stated if it is beef,
mutton or goat, and if it is a
castrated animal, or one with milk,
or one for fatting. It should also
be mentioned if the meat comes
from the leg, shoulder, or rib. Bones
must be accepted in customary
proportion with meat.
As to cloth,
its nature, length and breadth must
be mentioned, and
the quality of the
stuff determined, whether it is coarse
or fine, hard or
soft, rough or
delicate. Unless otherwise agreed upon the
material
is assumed to be unbleached.
An advance may be given on washed
cloth, and on material of which
the threads have been dyed before
weaving, as is the case with
striped cloth. By analogy the validity
of an
advance on cloth dyed after
weaving may also be admitted. [fMost
authorities deny the legality of an
advance upon this material.]
In the
case of dates, the colour, species,
origin, and the size of the
fruit
should bo mentioned, and whether they
aro old or fresh. Wheat,
barley, and
other cereals, and beans, are subject
to tlio same rule as
dates. The
things necessary to be known when
stipulating about honey
aro — whether it
is from tho mountains or the town,
summer or autumn
honey, white or
yellow ; but it matters little whether
it is old or fresh.
It is
forbidden to give an advance upon
what has been cooked or roasted,
but
there is no objection to doing so
upon goods heated by the sun.
*An
advance is also illegal upon tho
heads of slaughtered animals, and
upon
things having individuality, such as
worked pots, skins of animals,
earthen
jars, saucers, bottles, lanterns, kettles ;
but it is lawful when
given, e.g.
upon the small square vessels called
satal, or on pots or saucers,
etc.,
of metal cast in a mould — upon things,
in a word, that are made
in the
mass and resemble one another, fit
is not necessary to mention
whether
the things are good or bad, for
even if nothing is said about it
one is assumed to have promised
that they aro in good condition. Both
tho contracting parties must be
aware of the quality of the goods ;
and
a third person should also be
aware of it, in order that they
may appeal
to his decision in caso
of disagreement.
فصل [في بيان أخذ غير المسلم فيه عنه ووقت أدائه ومكانه]
لَا
يَصِحُّ أَنْ يُسْتَبْدَلَ عَنْ الْمُسْلَمِ فِيهِ غَيْرُ جِنْسِهِ
وَنَوْعِهِ.
وَقِيلَ يَجُوزُ فِي نَوْعِهِ وَلَا يَجِبُ قَبُولُهُ،
وَيَجُوزُ أَرْدَأَ مِنْ الْمَشْرُوطِ وَلَا يَجِبُ، وَيَجُوزُ أَجْوَدُ أَوْ
يَجِبُ قَبُولُهُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ وَلَوْ أَحْضَرَهُ قَبْلَ مَحِلِّهِ فَامْتَنَعَ
الْمُسْلِمُ مِنْ قَبُولِهِ لِغَرَضٍ صَحِيحٍ بِأَنْ كَانَ حَيَوَانًا أَوْ
وَقْتَ غَارَةٍ لَمْ يُجْبَرْ، وَإِلَّا فَإِنْ كَانَ لِلْمُؤَدِّي غَرَضٌ
صَحِيحٌ كَفَكِّ رَهْنٍ أُجْبِرَ، وَكَذَا لِمُجَرَّدِ غَرَضِ الْبَرَاءَةِ فِي
الْأَظْهَرِ.
وَلَوْ وَجَدَ الْمُسْلِمُ الْمُسْلَمَ إلَيْهِ بَعْدَ
الْمَحِلِّ فِي غَيْرِ مَحَلِّ التَّسْلِيمِ لَمْ يَلْزَمْهُ الْأَدَاءُ إنْ
كَانَ لِنَقْلِهِ مُؤْنَةٌ، وَلَا يُطَالِبُهُ بِقِيمَتِهِ لِلْحَيْلُولَةِ عَلَى
الصَّحِيحِ، وَإِنْ امْتَنَعَ مِنْ قَبُولِهِ هُنَاكَ لَمْ يُجْبَرْ إنْ كَانَ
لِنَقْلِهِ مُؤْنَةٌ، أَوْ كَانَ الْمَوْضِعُ مَخُوفًا، وَإِلَّا فَالْأَصَحُّ
إجْبَارُهُ.
Section 4
The substitution, for
the thing stipulated, of another different
in
nature or kind, is totally
prohibited. Some jurists, however, maintain
the legality of a substitution, provided
the difference is only in kind ;
but they admit that the other
party is not obliged to accept anything
but what was agreed on. It is
even permissible to offer, but never
obligatory to accept, an inferior
quality to that stipulated. fThe person
who has given the advance cannot
refuse to accept produce of the same
kind as, but of a superior quality
to, that promised him.
If the
debtor brings the goods before the
time agreed upon, the
creditor may
refuse to accept, if he has a valid
reason for so doing,
e.g. if it
is an animal he will have to
feed, or if a hostile incursion is appre-
hended at the moment ; but otherwise he
cannot refuse, especially if
tho debtor
has good ground for anticipating delivery,
e.g . if he wishes
to redeem a pledge,
*or even if he merely wants to
discharge his
obligation.
If, after
expiry of the term agreed upon, a
creditor meets his debtor
elsewhere than
at tho place stipulated, he cannot
prevent the latter
fulfilling his
engagement upon the spot, if the
transport of the goods
would involve
some expense ; f fnor can he in such
a case recover the
value of the
goods for breach of contract. But
the creditor may refuse
to accept
the things, if the place of meeting
is not a safe one. fin all
other
cases the creditor is bound to
accept the goods, even though the
place be not that agreed upon.
فصل [في القرض]
الْإِقْرَاضُ مَنْدُوبٌ.
وَصِيغَتُهُ
أَقْرَضْتُكَ أَوْ أَسْلَفْتُكَ أَوْ خُذْهُ بِمِثْلِهِ، أَوْ مَلَّكْتُكَهُ
عَلَى أَنْ تَرُدَّ بَدَلَهُ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ قَبُولُهُ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ.
وَفِي الْمُقْرِضِ أَهْلِيَّةُ التَّبَرُّعِ، وَيَجُوزُ
إقْرَاضُ مَا يُسْلَمُ فِيهِ إلَّا الْجَارِيَةَ الَّتِي تَحِلُّ لِلْمُقْتَرِضِ
فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، وَمَا لَا يُسْلَمُ فِيهِ لَا يَجُوزُ إقْرَاضُهُ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ.
وَيُرَدُّ الْمِثْلُ فِي الْمِثْلِيِّ، وَفِي
الْمُتَقَوِّمِ الْمِثْلُ صُورَةً، وَقِيلَ الْقِيمَةُ وَلَوْ ظَفِرَ بِهِ فِي
غَيْرِ مَحَلِّ الْإِقْرَاضِ وَلِلنَّقْلِ مُؤْنَةٌ طَالَبَهُ بِقِيمَةِ بَلَدِ
الْإِقْرَاضِ.
وَلَا يَجُوزُ بِشَرْطِ رَدِّ صَحِيحٍ عَنْ مُكَسَّرٍ
أَوْ زِيَادَةٍ، وَلَوْ رَدَّ هَكَذَا بِلَا شَرْطٍ فَحَسَنٌ.
وَلَوْ
شَرَطَ مُكَسَّرًا عَنْ صَحِيحٍ أَوْ أَنْ يُقْرِضَهُ غَيْرَهُ لَغَا الشَّرْطُ،
وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ لَا يُفْسِدُ الْعَقْدَ.
وَلَوْ شَرَطَ
أَجَلاً فَهُوَ كَشَرْطِ مُكَسَّرٍ عَنْ صَحِيحٍ إنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لِلْمُقْرِضِ
غَرَضٌ، وَإِنْ كَانَ كَزَمَنِ نَهْبٍ فَكَشَرْطِ صَحِيحٍ عَنْ مُكَسَّرٍ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ، وَلَهُ شَرْطُ رَهْنٍ وَكَفِيلٍ.
وَيَمْلِكُ الْقَرْضَ
بِالْقَبْضِ، وَفِي قَوْلٍ بِالتَّصَرُّفِ.
وَلَهُ الرُّجُوعُ فِي
عَيْنِهِ مَا دَامَ بَاقِيًا بِحَالِهِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَاَللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Section 5
A loan is a meritorious act on the part of the creditor,
and is effected
by tho following words : — lend you this/* advance you
this,”
Take this and give me something similar in exchange,” or, make you
owner
of it, till you pay me an equal sum.” The law requires for tho
validity
of this agreement fthat the offer should bo accepted, and that
the
lender should bo capable of disposing of his property freely. Any-
thing
that can be made subject to a contract of salam can bo lent,
*with the
single exception of a female slave, with whom the lender can
lawfully
have intercourse, f On the other hand what cannot bo made the
subject of
a contract of salam , cannot be lent. If tho things lent are
measurable,
an equal quantity of similar things must be returned ; but
if the things
lent aro not measurablo, then things resembling them must
be returned ;
or, according to some jurists, the valuo of these. If tho
lender meets
tho borrower at a place other than that wliero the contract
was made and
asks tho return of the loan, his demand is admissible ;
but if tho
transport of tho object borrowed would causo expense, ho
can claim only
its value at the place of agreement.
The lender may not stipulate
for a return of produce of a better
quality than that lent ; nor for
interest of any sort or kind ; and if the
borrower adds anything extra,
when returning what was borrowed, it is
pure generosity on his part. A
stipulation that produce of an inferior
quality to that lent shall be
returned, and a stipulation that tho borrower
shall in his turn lend
something to the lender, are void ; f but the con-
tract remains
otherwise valid. It is the samo with the stipulation of a
term of
payment, if entirely in favour of the debtor ; fbut if it is in the
creditor's favour, for example, if the loan is made at a moment when a
town is about to be sacked, and payment is to be made when quiet has
returned, then the stipulation is equivalent to a return of produce of
better quality, and consequently the contract itself is void. A creditor
may legally stipulate for a pledge or personal security for the return
of
the loan.
Ownership of things lent is transferred only by
taking possession ;
or, according to one authority by a disposal on the
part of the borrower,
f though this does not prevent the lender being
able to claim then return,
as long as they are still undisposed of in
the borrower’s possession.[]