Book 9: Sale or Barter (Bai' / Buyu')
Title of book: Minhaj al-Talibin wa Umdat al-Muftin (منهاج الطالبين وعمدة المفتين في الفقه)
Author: Imam Nawawi
Full name: Imam Muhyiddin Abi Zakariyya Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (أبو زكريا يحيى بن شرف بن مُرِّيِّ بن حسن بن حسين بن محمد جمعة بن حِزام الحزامي النووي الشافعي)
Born: Muharram 631 AH/ October 1233 Nawa, Ayyubid Sultanate
Died: 24 Rajab 676 AH [9]/ 21 December 1277 (age 45) Nawa, Mamluk Sultanate
Resting place: Nawa, present Syria
Translated into English by: E. C. HOWARD
Field of study: sharia, Islamic law, fiqh, Islamic jurisprudence of Shafi'i's school of thought
Type of literature dan reference: classical Arabic books
Contents
- Book 9: Sale or Barter (Bai' / Buyu')
- Chapter I General provisions
- Chapter II Illicit gain
- Chapter III Other illicit sales
- Chapter IV Right of option or cancellation
- Chapter V Property sold, before the purchaser has taken possession
- Chapter VI Simple transfer ; part transfer ; transfer at a profit, or at a loss
- Chapter VII Sale of trees, fruit, and standing crops
- Chapter VIII Disputes between vendor and purchaser
- Chapter IX Slaves
- Return to: Minhaj al-Talibin of Imam Nawawi
كتاب البَيعِ
BOOK 9 .— SALE OR BARTER
شَرْطُهُ الْإِيجَابُ: كَبِعْتُك وَمَلَّكْتُك، وَالْقَبُولُ: كَاشْتَرَيْت
وَتَمَلَّكْت وَقَبِلْت.
وَيَجُوزُ تَقَدُّمُ لَفْظِ
الْمُشْتَرِي، وَلَوْ قَالَ: بِعْنِي فَقَالَ: بِعْتُك انْعَقَدَ فِي
الْأَظْهَرِ.
وَيَنْعَقِدُ بِالْكِنَايَةِ كَجَعَلْتُهُ لَك
بِكَذَا فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ أَنْ لَا يَطُولَ الْفَصْلُ
بَيْنَ لَفْظَيْهِمَا.
وَأَنْ يَقْبَلَ عَلَى وَفْقِ الْإِيجَابِ،
فَلَوْ قَالَ: بِعْتُك بِأَلْفٍ مُكَسَّرَةٍ فَقَالَ، قَبِلْت بِأَلْفٍ
صَحِيحَةٍ لَمْ يَصِحَّ.
وَإِشَارَةُ الْأَخْرَسِ بِالْعَقْدِ
كَالنُّطْقِ.
وَشَرْطُ الْعَاقِدِ الرُّشْدُ.
قُلْت:
وَعَدَمُ الْإِكْرَاهِ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ.
وَلَا يَصِحُّ شِرَاءُ
الْكَافِرِ الْمُصْحَفَ.
وَالْمُسْلِمُ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، إلَّا
أَنْ يَعْتِقَ عَلَيْهِ فَيَصِحُّ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَا
الْحَرْبِيِّ سِلَاحًا، وَاَللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.
وَلِلْمَبِيعِ
شُرُوطٌ: طَهَارَةُ عَيْنِهِ فَلَا يَصِحُّ بَيْعُ الْكَلْبِ وَالْخَمْرِ
وَالْمُتَنَجِّسِ الَّذِي لَا يُمْكِنُ تَطْهِيرُهُ كَالْخَلِّ وَاللَّبَنِ،
وَكَذَا الدُّهْنُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
الثَّانِي: النَّفْعُ فَلَا
يَصِحُّ بَيْعُ الْحَشَرَاتِ، وَكُلِّ سَبُعٍ لَا يَنْفَعُ، وَلَا حَبَّتَيْ
الْحِنْطَةِ وَنَحْوِهَا، وَآلَةِ اللَّهْوِ، وَقِيلَ: يَصِحُّ فِي الْآلَةِ
إنْ عُدَّ رُضَاضُهَا مَالاً.
وَيَصِحُّ بَيْعُ الْمَاءِ عَلَى
الشَّطِّ، وَالتُّرَابِ بِالصَّحْرَاءِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
الثَّالِثُ
إمْكَانُ تَسْلِيمِهِ، فَلَا يَصِحُّ بَيْعُ الضَّالِّ وَالْآبِقِ
وَالْمَغْصُوبِ.
فَإِنْ بَاعَهُ لِقَادِرٍ عَلَى انْتِزَاعِهِ
صَحَّ عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ.
وَلَا يَصِحُّ بَيْعُ نِصْفٍ مُعَيَّنٍ
مِنْ الْإِنَاءِ وَالسَّيْفِ وَنَحْوِهِمَا، وَيَصِحُّ فِي الثَّوْبِ الَّذِي
لَا يَنْقُصُ بِقَطْعِهِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَا الْمَرْهُونِ
بِغَيْرِ إذْنِ مُرْتَهِنِهِ.
وَلَا الْجَانِي الْمُتَعَلِّقِ
بِرَقَبَتِهِ مَالٌ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، وَلَا يَضُرُّ تَعَلُّقُهُ بِذِمَّتِهِ،
وَكَذَا تَعَلُّقُ الْقِصَاصِ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ الرَّابِعُ: الْمِلْكُ لِمَنْ
لَهُ الْعَقْدُ.
فَبَيْعُ الْفُضُولِيِّ بَاطِلٌ، وَفِي
الْقَدِيمِ مَوْقُوفٌ إنْ أَجَازَ مَالِكُهُ نَفَذَ، وَإِلَّا فَلَا.
وَلَوْ
بَاعَ مَالَ مُوَرِّثِهِ ظَانًّا حَيَاتَهُ وَكَانَ مَيِّتًا صَحَّ فِي
الْأَظْهَرِ.
الْخَامِسُ: الْعِلْمُ بِهِ، فَبَيْعُ أَحَدِ
الثَّوْبَيْنِ بَاطِلٌ، وَيَصِحُّ بَيْعُ صَاعٍ مِنْ صُبْرَةٍ تُعْلَمُ
صِيعَانُهَا، وَكَذَا إنْ جُهِلَتْ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَوْ بَاعَ
بِمِلْءِ ذَا الْبَيْتِ حِنْطَةً، أَوْ بِزِنَةِ هَذِهِ الْحَصَاةِ ذَهَبًا،
أَوْ بِمَا بَاعَ بِهِ فُلَانٌ فَرَسَهُ، أَوْ بِأَلْفٍ دَرَاهِمَ وَدَنَانِير
لَمْ يَصِحَّ.
وَلَوْ بَاعَ بِنَقْدٍ، وَفِي الْبَلَدِ نَقْدٌ
غَالِبٌ تَعَيَّنَ، أَوْ نَقْدَانِ لَمْ يَغْلِبْ أَحَدُهُمَا اُشْتُرِطَ
التَّعْيِينُ.
وَيَصِحُّ بَيْعُ الصُّبْرَةِ الْمَجْهُولَةِ
الصِّيعَانِ كُلَّ صَاعٍ بِدِرْهَمٍ، وَلَوْ بَاعَهَا بِمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ كُلَّ
صَاعٍ بِدِرْهَمٍ صَحَّ إنْ خَرَجَتْ مِائَةً، وَإِلَّا فَلَا عَلَى
الصَّحِيحِ، وَمَتَى كَانَ الْعِوَضُ مُعَيَّنًا كَفَتْ مُعَايَنَتُهُ.
وَالْأَظْهَرُ
أَنَّهُ لَا يَصِحُّ بَيْعُ الْغَائِبِ، وَالثَّانِي يَصِحُّ، وَيَثْبُتُ
الْخِيَارُ عِنْدَ الرُّؤْيَةِ، وَتَكْفِي الرُّؤْيَةُ قَبْلَ الْعَقْدِ فِيمَا
لَا يَتَغَيَّرُ غَالِبًا إلَى وَقْتِ الْعَقْدِ، دُونَ مَا يَتَغَيَّرُ
غَالِبًا.
وَتَكْفِي رُؤْيَةُ بَعْضِ الْمَبِيعِ إنْ دَلَّ عَلَى
بَاقِيهِ كَظَاهِرِ الصُّبْرَةِ، وَأُنْمُوذَجِ الْمُتَمَاثِلِ، أَوْ كَانَ
صِوَانًا لِلْبَاقِي خِلْقَةً كَقِشْرِ الرُّمَّانِ وَالْبَيْضِ، وَالْقِشْرَةِ
السُّفْلَى لِلْجَوْزِ وَاللَّوْزِ.
وَتُعْتَبَرُ رُؤْيَةُ كُلِّ
شَيْءٍ عَلَى مَا يَلِيقُ بِهِ.
وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّ وَصْفَهُ
بِصِفَةِ السَّلَمِ لَا يَكْفِي، وَيَصِحُّ سَلَمُ الْأَعْمَى وَقِيلَ: إنْ
عَمِيَ قَبْلَ تَمْيِيزِهِ فَلَا.
BOOK .— SALE OR BARTER
CHAPTER I.— GENERAL PROVISIONS
For the validity of a contract
of sale or exchange the law
requires mutual
consent, i.e. that the
vendor should make an offer of the
goods, e.g. by
saying, “ I sell you,”
or “ I make you owner ” of such
and such a thing,
and that the
purchaser should declare his consent, e.g .
by saying, “ I buy
the object,” “ I
accept the ownership,” or “ I accept
it.” There is no
objection to the
purchaser first declaring his wishes,
*as by saying,
“ Sell me such and
such a thing,” and the vendor replying,
“ I sell it
you,” which constitutes a
valid agreement. *j*A sale may also
equally
well be implied in words
such as, “ I give you the thing
for such and such
a sum.” Rut the
law forbids that any long interval
should elapso
between the declaration of
the vendor and that of the
purchaser ; and
it requires the
acceptance to be similar to the
offer, for if one party says,
“ I
sell you the thing for one
thousand debased pieces of money,” and
the other replies, “ I buy it for
a thousand good pieces,” there is no
legal sale. In the case of a
mute person a sign is as good as
consent
expressed in words. Each
contracting party must be capable of
managing his affairs.
[Another
condition essential to the validity of a
sale is that no violence
must be
used against either party, except such
as is authorised by law.
An
infidel is forbidden : () *to buy a
copy of the Koran, or a Moslem
slave (unless his ancestor or
descendant) — the latter is freed by the
mere
fact of such purchase ; or ()
to buy weapons of war, unless he
is the
subject of a Moslem ruler.]
There are five conditions
necessary for the legal sale of
any thing —
. It must be a
pure substance. Thus, a dog cannot be
sold, nor
wine. Nor can anything
that has become impure be sold ;
if it is
impossible to remove the
impurity, as in the caso of impure
vinegar,
milk, or fat.
. It
must be of some use and
consequently of some value. Thus,
vermin
cannot be sold, nor useless wild
animals, nor e.g. two grains of
corn, etc., nor an object of
mere amusement like a musical instrument
or an article only used in
playing a game. As to this last
category,
however, some authors consider
sale permissible if the materials have
an intrinsic value. fThe sale of
water is allowed, even by the
banks of
a river, and sand may be
sold even in the desert.
.
The vendor must be able to deliver
it to the purchaser. Thus,
a domestic
animal or a slave that has escaped
or property that has been
misappropriated by another person cannot
be sold, ffunless to a person
able
in fact to bring back the animal
or slave or recover the property.
One may not sell the half of
a vase or of a sabre, for these
things cannot
be materially divided
without great loss of value ; fbut
this is permissible
in the case of
a piece of cloth, each portion of
which retains its propor-
tional value.
One may not sell any pledged
article without the creditor’s
consent ; nor a
slave who has committed a crime and
who can conse-
quently be seized by
the injured party as damages. There
is no objec-
tion, however, to the
sale of a slave who is himself in
debt, *or who is
liable to
corporal punishment under the lex talionis ,
or otherwise.
. The vendor must
be the real owner. The sale of
another’s goods
is null. In his
first period Shafii was of a different
opinion, and con-
sidered the sale of
another’s goods, without the knowledge
of the owner,
as a conditional sale,
i.e. a sale having full legal effect
if the owner
subsequently approves of
it, but not otherwise. But the
sale of the
property of a person
to whose succession one will be
called, and whom
one supposes to
be living, but who it subsequently
transpires was dead
at the time of
the contract, is considered to be valid.
. The thing must be
distinctly known to the two contracting
parties.
Thus “ one of two coats ”
cannot be sold without determining which
;
but one saa may be sold
from a heap of grain, whether the
number of
saas in the heap is
known for not. A sale cannot be
effected, in block
and without
indicating the respective quantities, of “
as much corn as
can be stored
in such and such a room,” nor for
“ as much gold as the
weight of
such and such a stone,” nor for “
as much as so and so has
sold his horse for,” nor for “ a
thousand pieces of money consisting
partly of drahms and partty of
dinars' ’ Where a certain quantity of
“ pieces
of money ” has been stipulated for,
the price is considered
sufficiently
determined if one coinage only is
current in the locality ;
but
where two coinages are current, the
one intended must be specified.
A
particular heap of grain may legally
be sold at the rate of one drahm
the saa} though the number of
saas is not known ; but if the
sale is for
“ one hundred drahms
at one drahm the saa” ffthe
contract is void
unless there are
really just one hundred saas of
grain. A thing sold is
deemed to
be sufficiently known to the two
parties if it is in their sight
and they have inspected it ; *but a
thing not there cannot be sold unless
both parties have previously seen
it. Another doctrine admits the
validity
of such a sale, but allows the
purchaser the faculty of refusing
iliu
goods after inspection. If the thing
sold is not there, the fact of
previous inspection suffices in the
case of things ordinarily durable for
that interval. If the whole of a
thing may bo estimated by partial
inspection, it is enough to have
seen a part, c.g . tho outside of a heap
of
grain, or a sample. This is so
also in the case of a natural
envelope, such
as the rind of a
pomegranate, an eggshell, or tho lower
covering of nuts
and almonds. Inspection
of a thing means the inspection of those
parts of it from which its
quality may be judged, f A mere description
of the thing as in the
contract of salam is not enough
for an ordinary sale.
Consequently the
salam , but not a sale, may be effected
by a blind man.
It is only,
according to some jurists, when such
person has become
blind before reaching
the age of discernment, that the
contract of
salam is forbidden him.
باب الربا
CHAPTER II.— ILLICIT GAIN
إذَا بِيعَ الطَّعَامُ بِالطَّعَامِ إنْ كَانَا جِنْسًا اُشْتُرِطَ الْحُلُولُ
وَالْمُمَاثَلَةُ وَالتَّقَابُضُ قَبْلَ التَّفَرُّقِ، أَوْ جِنْسَيْنِ
كَحِنْطَةٍ وَشَعِيرٍ جَازَ التَّفَاضُلُ، وَاشْتُرِطَ الْحُلُولُ
وَالتَّقَابُضُ، وَالطَّعَامُ مَا قُصِدَ لِلطُّعْمِ اقْتِيَاتًا أَوْ
تَفَكُّهًا أَوْ تَدَاوِيًا وَأَدِقَّةُ الْأُصُولِ الْمُخْتَلِفَةِ الْجِنْسِ،
وَخُلُولُهَا وَأَدْهَانُهَا أَجْنَاسٌ.
وَاللُّحُومُ
وَالْأَلْبَانُ كَذَلِكَ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ.
وَالْمُمَاثَلَةُ
تُعْتَبَرُ فِي الْمَكِيلِ كَيْلاً، وَالْمَوْزُونِ وَزْنًا، وَالْمُعْتَبَرُ
غَالِبُ عَادَةِ أَهْلِ الْحِجَازِ فِي عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ
عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَمَا جُهِلَ يُرَاعَى فِيهِ عَادَةُ بَلَدِ الْبَيْعِ،
وَقِيلَ: الْكَيْلُ، وَقِيلَ: الْوَزْنُ، وَقِيلَ: يَتَخَيَّرُ،
وَقِيلَ: إنْ كَانَ لَهُ أَصْلٌ اُعْتُبِرَ.
وَالنَّقْدُ
بِالنَّقْدِ كَطَعَامٍ بِطَعَامٍ.
وَلَوْ بَاعَ جِزَافًا
تَخْمِينًا لَمْ يَصِحَّ، وَإِنْ خَرَجَا سَوَاءٌ، وَتُعْتَبَرُ الْمُمَاثَلَةُ
وَقْتَ الْجَفَافِ، وَقَدْ يُعْتَبَرُ الْكَمَالُ أَوَّلاً فَلَا يُبَاعُ
رُطَبٌ بِرُطَبٍ وَلَا بِتَمْرٍ، وَلَا عِنَبٌ بِعِنَبٍ وَلَا بِزَبِيبٍ، وَمَا
لَا جَفَافَ لَهُ كَالْقِثَّاءِ وَالْعِنَبِ الَّذِي لَا يَتَزَبَّبُ لَا
يُبَاعُ أَصْلاً، وَفِي قَوْلٍ تَكْفِي مُمَاثَلَتُهُ رَطْبًا.
وَلَا
تَكْفِي مُمَاثَلَةُ الدَّقِيقِ وَالسَّوِيق وَالْخُبْزِ، بَلْ تُعْتَبَرُ
الْمُمَاثَلَةُ فِي الْحُبُوبِ حَبًّا، وَفِي حُبُوبِ الدُّهْنِ كَالسِّمْسِمِ
حَبًّا أَوْ دُهْنًا، وَفِي الْعِنَبِ زَبِيبًا أَوْ خَلَّ عِنَبٍ، وَكَذَا
الْعَصِيرُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَفِي اللَّبَنِ لَبَنًا أَوْ سَمْنًا
أَوْ مَخِيضًا صَافِيًا، وَلَا تَكْفِي الْمُمَاثَلَةُ فِي سَائِرِ أَحْوَالِهِ
كَالْجُبْنِ وَالْأَقِطِ.
وَلَا تَكْفِي مُمَاثَلَةُ مَا
أَثَّرَتْ فِيهِ النَّارُ بِالطَّبْخِ أَوْ الْقَلْيِ أَوْ الشَّيِّ، وَلَا
يَضُرُّ تَأْثِيرُ تَمْيِيزٍ كَالْعَسَلِ وَالسَّمْنِ، وَإِذَا جَمَعَتْ
الصَّفْقَةُ رِبَوِيًّا مِنْ الْجَانِبَيْنِ وَاخْتَلَفَ الْجِنْسُ مِنْهُمَا
كَمُدِّ عَجْوَةٍ وَدِرْهَمٍ بِمُدٍّ وَدِرْهَمٍ وَكَمُدٍّ وَدِرْهَمٍ
بِمُدَّيْنِ أَوْ دِرْهَمَيْنِ.
أَوْ النَّوْعُ كَصِحَاحٍ
وَمُكَسَّرَةٍ بِهِمَا أَوْ بِأَحَدِهِمَا فَبَاطِلَةٌ.
وَيَحْرُمُ
بَيْعُ اللَّحْمِ بِالْحَيَوَانِ مِنْ جِنْسِهِ، وَكَذَا بِغَيْرِ جِنْسِهِ
مِنْ مَأْكُولٍ وَغَيْرِهِ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ.
CHAPTER II.— ILLICIT GAIN
Foodstuffs cannot
be legally exchanged for others of
the same nature,
unless : () it is
a cash transaction ; () the two
quantities are equal ;
and () each
party takes possession of what is
due to him then and there.
If the foodstuffs exchanged are
not of the same kind, e.g . corn and
barley, the first and third
conditions are still obligatory, but not
the
second. By foodstuff is understood
anything that serves for the internal
nurture of the body, whether as
principal nourishment, seasoning, fruit,
or
medicine. Flours produced from different
products of the soil are
deemed to
be of different kinds, as also
liquors such as oil and vinegar.
*The same rule applies to meat
and milk from different animals.
Quantities are ascertained to be
equal either by measure or weight,
according to their nature — the custom
of the inhabitants of the Hejaz
at
the time of the Prophet being
observed with regard to this matter,
or if it bo not known the
custom of the local market. Some jurists
maintain one must always go by
the measure, others by the weight ;
others allow choice. Money is
subject to the same rules as foodstuffs.
Goods from which illicit gain can
bo derived may not be bartered for
in a lump without specifying the
exact quantity, even if after the trans-
action the quantities are ascertained to
be equal. Equality must be
ascertained
when the products are mature and
dry. Thus unripe dates
cannot be
bartered for other dates, ripe or unripe
; nor grapes for
grapes or raisins.
Products not intended to be dried,
like cucumbers
and some kinds of
grapes, may not be exchanged at
all with others of
the same
nature. Only one authority maintains
that in this case an
equality
ascertained after plucking suffices to
render the exchange
valid. Equality
cannot be ascertained after the
substances have been
intact. However, in the case of oleaginous plants like sesame, equality
can be ascertained either when the grains are still intact or after pre-
paring the oil ; or in the case of raisins either while dry or after tho
preparation of vinegar or must. As to milk one has tho choice between
its ordinary state, butter or skimmed milk ; but not in any other con-
dition, such as cheese or abit . Equality cannot be ascertained after
products have been cooked, fried, or roasted ; but there is no objection
to their being heated in order to separate them from other substances,
as in the case of honey or butter from which wax or milk has thus been
extracted.
A sale is void if the prohibition of illicit gain has been violated by
both parties, or by one only. No distinction is made between the
exchange of products of a different nature and of a different species.
Thus one cannot barter a modd of preserved dates and a drahm for a
modd of the same substance and a drahm , nor a modd of this substance
and a drahm for two modds or two drahms, nor a certain quantity of good
and debased coin for the same quantity of good or debased com. It is
forbidden to barter meat for an animal, whether of the same kind as
the meat, *or not, and whether eatable or not.
باب [في البيوع المنهي عنها]
CHAPTER III — OTHER ILLICIT SALES
نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَنْ عَسْبِ
الْفَحْلِ، وَهُوَ ضِرَابُهُ، وَيُقَالُ: مَاؤُهُ، وَيُقَالُ: أُجْرَةُ
ضِرَابِهِ، فَيَحْرُمُ ثَمَنُ مَائِهِ، وَكَذَا أُجْرَتُهُ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ.
وَعَنْ حَبَلِ الْحَبَلَةِ، وَهُوَ نَتَاجُ
النَّتَاجِ بِأَنْ يَبِيعَ نَتَاجَ النَّتَاجِ أَوْ بِثَمَنٍ إلَى نَتَاجِ
النَّتَاجِ.
وَعَنْ الْمَلَاقِيحِ وَهِيَ مَا فِي
الْبُطُونِ.
وَالْمَضَامِينِ وَهِيَ مَا فِي أَصْلَابِ
الْفُحُولِ.
وَالْمُلَامَسَةِ بِأَنْ يَلْمَسَ ثَوْبًا مَطْوِيًّا
ثُمَّ يَشْتَرِيَهُ عَلَى أَنْ لَا خِيَارَ لَهُ إذَا رَآهُ أَوْ يَقُولَ إذَا
لَمَسْته فَقَدْ بِعْتُكَهُ.
وَالْمُنَابَذَةِ بِأَنْ يَجْعَلَا
النَّبْذَ بَيْعًا.
وَبَيْعِ الْحَصَاةِ بِأَنْ يَقُولَ لَهُ
بِعْتُكَ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْأَثْوَابِ مَا تَقَعُ هَذِهِ الْحَصَاةُ عَلَيْهِ أَوْ
يَجْعَلَا الرَّمْيَ بَيْعًا، أَوْ بِعْتُكَ وَلَك الْخِيَارُ إلَى
رَمْيِهَا.
وَعَنْ بَيْعَتَيْنِ فِي بَيْعَةٍ بِأَنْ يَقُولَ
بِعْتُكَ بِأَلْفٍ نَقْدًا أَوْ أَلْفَيْنِ إلَى سَنَةٍ أَوْ بِعْتُكَ ذَا
الْعَبْدَ بِأَلْفٍ عَلَى أَنْ تَبِيعَنِي دَارَكَ بِكَذَا، وَعَنْ بَيْعٍ
وَشَرْطٍ كَبَيْعٍ بِشَرْطِ بَيْعٍ أَوْ قَرْضٍ.
وَلَوْ اشْتَرَى
زَرْعًا بِشَرْطِ أَنْ يَحْصُدَهُ الْبَائِعُ أَوْ ثَوْبًا وَيَخِيطَهُ
فَالْأَصَحُّ بُطْلَانُهُ، وَيُسْتَثْنَى صُوَرٌ كَالْبَيْعِ بِشَرْطِ
الْخِيَارِ أَوْ الْبَرَاءَةِ مِنْ الْعَيْبِ أَوْ بِشَرْطِ قَطْعِ الثَّمَرِ
أَوْ الْأَجَلِ وَالرَّهْنِ وَالْكَفِيلِ الْمُعَيِّنَاتِ لِثَمَنٍ فِي
الذِّمَّةِ وَالْإِشْهَادِ، وَلَا يُشْتَرَطُ تَعْيِينُ الشُّهُودِ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَرْهَنْ أَوْ لَمْ يَتَكَفَّلْ الْمُعَيَّنُ
فَلِلْبَائِعِ الْخِيَارُ.
وَلَوْ بَاعَ عَبْدًا بِشَرْطِ
إعْتَاقِهِ فَالْمَشْهُورُ صِحَّةُ الْبَيْعِ وَالشَّرْطِ، وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّ
لِلْبَائِعِ مُطَالَبَةَ الْمُشْتَرِي بِالْإِعْتَاقِ.
وَأَنَّهُ
لَوْ شَرَطَ مَعَ الْعِتْقِ الْوَلَاءَ لَهُ أَوْ شَرَطَ تَدْبِيرَهُ أَوْ
كِتَابَتَهُ أَوْ إعْتَاقَهُ بَعْدَ شَهْرٍ لَمْ يَصِحَّ الْبَيْعُ.
وَلَوْ
شَرَطَ مُقْتَضَى الْعَقْدِ كَالْقَبْضِ وَالرَّدِّ بِعَيْبٍ أَوْ مَا لَا
غَرَضَ فِيهِ كَشَرْطِ أَنْ لَا يَأْكُلَ إلَّا كَذَا صَحَّ وَلَوْ شَرَطَ
وَلَوْ شَرَطَ وَصْفًا يُقْصَدُ: كَكَوْنِ الْعَبْدِ كَاتِبًا، أَوْ
الدَّابَّةِ حَامِلاً، أَوْ لَبُونًا صَحَّ، وَلَهُ الْخِيَارُ إنْ أَخْلَفَ،
وَفِي قَوْلٍ يَبْطُلُ الْعَقْدُ فِي الدَّابَّةِ.
وَلَوْ
قَالَ: بِعْتُكَهَا وَحَمْلَهَا بَطَلَ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَا
يَصِحُّ بَيْعُ الْحَمْلِ وَحْدَهُ، وَلَا الْحَامِلِ دُونَهُ وَلَا الْحَامِلِ
بِحُرٍّ.
وَلَوْ بَاعَ حَامِلاً مُطْلَقًا دَخَلَ الْحَمْلُ فِي
الْبَيْعِ.
Section
The Prophet has forbidden the following sales : —
. Tho sale of the services of a male animal required to cover a female.
According to some authors this prohibition relates to the sale of male
sperm, while according to others it refers to payment for the use of the
male. Sperm may not be sold at all, whether the transaction is called
a sale for a hire.
. Tho sale of younglings to be brought forth later from the foetus
of an animal. No object may be sold by stipulating that the price shall
not become due until such and such a foetus bears young.
. The sale of an embryo, ix. of what a female animal bears in
the womb.
. The sale of the product of a future project, ix . of a being still
within the loins of the male.
. A “ touch ” sale, expression which means : (a) the sale, ix . of a
piece of cloth already folded, that is bought by merely touching it, and
renouncing in advance tho right of option accorded by law after seeing
it ; or (b) a sale concluded by saying, “ When you have touched this
coat I have sold it you.”
. A “ throw sale, i.e. if two persons mutually exchange their
goods, and the sale is effected by this alone, without any preliminary
examination on either side.
. A “ stone ” sale ; effected by saying, “ Of these pieces of cloth
I sell you the one upon which falls this stone thrown in the air ” ; or a
sale that becomes irrevocable by throwing a stone ; or by stipulating,
“ I sell you such and such an object, and you will have a right of option
until I have thrown this stone.”
. A “ double-face sale ” ; i.e. one effected by the words, “ I sell you
such and such an object, either for one thousand pieces of money in cash,
or for two thousand at the end of a year ” ; or, “ I sell you this slave
for one thousand, if you will sell me your house for the same amount.’ ’
. Any “ qualified ” sale ; i.e. a sale on condition that the purchaser
will sell or lend some other object to the vendor ; or the purchase of a
cultivated field on condition that the vendor will reap the harvest ; or
the purchase of a piece of cloth on condition that the vendor will make a
coat out of it. f All these kinds of conditional sales are null.
The law does not forbid at a sale the stipulation of conditions that
merely modify it, and do not affect the contract itself ; such as — a
reservation of a right of option ; a stipulation that the vendor shall not
bo held to guarantee the absence of redhibitory defects ; a reservation
of the right of plucking fruit ; the stipulation of a term for payment, of
a security or of a personal guarantee for the payment of the price agreed
upon, if it is not a cash transaction — provided always that there is no
uncertainty as to the term, the security or the guarantee. It may also
be stipulated that payment be made in the presence of witnesses, fwith-
out its being necessary at that time to designate the witnesses by name.
If, under these circumstances, the purchaser does not deposit the neces-
sary security, or the person designated does not bring it, the vendor has
the right to relinquish the contract. **The sale of a slave on condition
that he will be freed, is quite valid ; fand the vendor has the right to
proceed against the purchaser to enforce the enfranchisement agreed
upon. fOn the other hand, the sale would not bo valid if the vendor
reserved a right of ownership after the enfranchisement, or stipulated
that the enfranchisement should bo by will, or contract, or at some future
time, e.g. a month.
The following stipulations are considered admissible : —
. Any condition resulting fr,om the very nature of the sale, such as
haking possession, or redhibition ; or even a condition without any
reasonable object (itself without effect), as, e.g. to take only a certain
kind of food.
. A stipulation that goods should have some special, useful quality,
as, c.y. that a slave should know how to write, or that a beast should be
with young, or have milk in the udder. Such stipulation confers on the
party insisting on it the right to withdraw from the contract if the thing
sold has not the stipulated quality. According to a single jurist a
stipulation that a beast should be with young nullifies a contract.
f On the other hand, the law regards as null the sale “ of a beast or a
slave with the embryo.” It prohibits the sale either of the embryo
alone, or of the beast or the slave “ without its embryo.” It is illicit to
sell in any way a slave pregnant with a free child. When a female is
sold, the embryo is ipso facto comprised in the transaction.
فصل [في المنهيات التي لا يقتضي النهي فسادها]
وَمِنْ
الْمَنْهِيِّ عَنْهُ مَا لَا يُبْطِلُ لِرُجُوعِهِ: إلَى مَعْنًى يَقْتَرِنُ
بِهِ كَبَيْعِ حَاضِرٍ لِبَادٍ بِأَنْ يَقْدُمَ غَرِيبٌ بِمَتَاعٍ تَعُمُّ
الْحَاجَةُ إلَيْهِ لِيَبِيعَهُ بِسِعْرِ يَوْمِهِ فَيَقُولُ بَلَدِيٌّ:
اُتْرُكْهُ عِنْدِي لِأَبِيعَهُ عَلَى التَّدْرِيجِ بِأَغْلَى.
وَتَلَقِّي
الرُّكْبَانِ: بِأَنْ يَتَلَقَّى طَائِفَةً يَحْمِلُونَ مَتَاعًا إلَى
الْبَلَدِ فَيَشْتَرِيَهُ قَبْلَ قُدُومِهِمْ وَمَعْرِفَتِهِمْ بِالسِّعْرِ،
وَلَهُمْ الْخِيَارُ إذَا عَرَفُوا الْغَبْنَ.
وَالسَّوْمُ عَلَى
سَوْمِ غَيْرِهِ، وَإِنَّمَا يَحْرُمُ ذَلِكَ بَعْدَ اسْتِقْرَارِ
الثَّمَنِ.
وَالْبَيْعُ عَلَى بَيْعِ غَيْرِهِ قَبْلَ لُزُومِهِ
بِأَنْ يَأْمُرَ الْمُشْتَرِي بِالْفَسْخِ لِيَبِيعَهُ مِثْلَهُ.
وَالشِّرَاءِ
عَلَى الشِّرَاءِ بِأَنْ يَأْمُرَ الْبَائِعَ بِالْفَسْخِ لِيَشْتَرِيَهُ.
وَالنَّجْشُ
بِأَنْ يَزِيدَ فِي الثَّمَنِ لَا لِرَغْبَةٍ بَلْ لِيَخْدَعَ غَيْرَهُ،
وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ لَا خِيَارَ.
وَبَيْعُ الرُّطَبِ
وَالْعِنَبِ لِعَاصِرِ الْخَمْرِ.
وَيَحْرُمُ التَّفْرِيقُ بَيْنَ
الْأُمِّ وَالْوَلَدِ حَتَّى يُمَيِّزَ، وَفِي قَوْلٍ حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ، وَإِذَا
فَرَّقَ بِبَيْعٍ أَوْ هِبَةٍ بَطَلَا فِي الْأَظْهَرِ.
وَلَا
يَصِحُّ بَيْعُ الْعُرْبُونِ بِأَنْ يَشْتَرِيَ وَيُعْطِيَهُ دَرَاهِمَ
لِتَكُونَ مِنْ الثَّمَنِ إنْ رَضِيَ السِّلْعَةَ، وَإِلَّا فَهِبَةً.
Section
Some kinds of sales,
though forbidden by the Prophet, are
not neces-
sarily null when concluded ;
the prohibition referring only to accessory
circumstances, not to the essence
of the contract. Amongst these are
cited the following : —
. A
sale concluded between a townsman and an
inhabitant of the
desert or of the
country, in the following circumstances : —
(a) when the
townsman sees a stranger
arrive with objects of prime and general
necessity for sale at the current
rate of the day, and is able
to persuade
him to transfer the
whole to himself, with the avowed
object of retailing
them at a higher
price ; and (b) when the townsman
goes out to meet
people bringing
their goods to town, and buys
these products before
they are aware
of the current rate. On learning
the fraud of which they
have been
victims these people have even the
right to cancel the contract.
.
Outbidding ; i.e. it is forbidden to
outbid, as soon as the vendor
has
accepted the offer of another person,
even though this may not yet
be
irrevocable.
. A sale or purchase
effected with the object of supplanting
a com-
petitor. It is blamable to
persuade a purchaser to cancel a revocable
sale, in order to sell him a
similar object ; or to persuade a vendor to
cancel a contract, in order to be
able to buy the thing oneself.
. Trickery, consisting in offering
a higher price for something, not
in
order to obtain it but with the
object of deceiving another person as
to its value. fUnder these
circumstances, however, the person cheated
has no right to cancel the sale.
. A sale of dates or grapes
to make wine of.
The law
does not permit the sale of a
female slave that involves her
separation from her child before
the latter has attained the age of
dis-
cernment, or — according to one authority —
the age of puberty. *Any
sale or
donation involving such separation is null.
A sale is also considered illegal
wliero one buys goods giving at the
same time a sum of money as
earnest, which sum becomes part of the
price if the purchaser is
satisfied with the things, but is
otherwise con-
sidered as a gift to the
vendor.
فصل [في تفريق الصفقة]
بَاعَ خَلًّا وَخَمْرًا أَوْ
عَبْدَهُ وَحُرًّا أَوْ وَعَبْدَ غَيْرِهِ أَوْ مُشْتَرَكًا بِغَيْرِ إذْنِ
الْآخَرِ صَحَّ فِي مِلْكِهِ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، فَيَتَخَيَّرُ الْمُشْتَرِي إنْ
جَهِلَ فَإِنْ: أَجَازَ فَبِحِصَّتِهِ مِنْ الْمُسَمَّى بِاعْتِبَارِ
قِيمَتِهَا، وَفِي قَوْلٍ بِجَمِيعِهِ، وَلَا خِيَارَ لِلْبَائِعِ.
وَلَوْ
بَاعَ عَبْدَيْهِ فَتَلِفَ أَحَدُهُمَا قَبْلَ قَبْضِهِ لَمْ يَنْفَسِخْ فِي
الْآخَرُ عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ، بَلْ يَتَخَيَّرُ، فَإِنْ أَجَازَ فَبِالْحِصَّةِ
قَطْعًا.
وَلَوْ جَمَعَ فِي صَفْقَةٍ مُخْتَلِفَيْ الْحُكْمِ
كَإِجَارَةٍ وَبَيْعٍ أَوْ سَلَمٍ صَحَّا فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، وَيُوَزَّعُ
الْمُسَمَّى عَلَى قِيمَتِهِمَا أَوْ بَيْعٍ وَنِكَاحٍ صَحَّ النِّكَاحُ، وَفِي
الْبَيْعِ وَالصَّدَاقِ الْقَوْلَانِ، وَتَتَعَدَّدُ الصِّفَةُ بِتَفْصِيلِ
الثَّمَنِ كَبِعْتُكَ ذَا بِكَذَا وَذَا بِكَذَا، وَبِتَعَدُّدِ الْبَائِعِ
وَكَذَا بِتَعَدُّدِ الْمُشْتَرِي فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، وَلَوْ وَكَّلَاهُ أَوْ
وَكَّلَهُمَا فَالْأَصَحُّ اعْتِبَارُ الْوَكِيلِ.
Section
In the case of a
sale of two objects at the same
time, the sale of one
of which
is illegal, e.g . a sale of vinegar and
wine, or of a slave and a
freeman,
or of one’s own slave and that
of another person, or of a slave
without the consent of another
co-proprietor, *the contract is valid
with regard to what has been
legally sold, without prejudice to the
purchaser’s right, if ignorant of
the circumstances, to cancel the sale.
Even if he knew of it, or
would prefer the contract to remain
valid, he
has a right to claim a
proportional diminution of the total
price agreed
upon. A single authority
maintains that the purchaser cannot insist
upon any such diminution if he
prefers to keep the object which
has been
legally sold him. A vendor
can never cancel a contract of this
sort.
The sale of two slaves is
not ipso facto cancelled by the
accidental death
of one, before the
purchaser has taken possession, at least
according to
our rite ; but the
purchaser may decline to fulfil the
contract, or, if lie
prefer, claim a
proportional reduction of the price.
Contracts of different kinds may
be combined, as e.g. a contract of
hiring with a sale or with a salam
contract. In such a case the price
agreed upon is divided proportionally
between the obligations under-
taken. Even
in the case of a sale combined
with a marriage contract,
not only is
the validity of the marriage admitted,
*but also that of the
sale, and
of the stipulation of dower. Whether
in any case there is a
combination
or a plurality of contracts depends upon
whether one price
only has been
stipulated, or a separate and distinct
price for each
contract. If it is
said, “ I sell you this for so
much and that for so much/ ’
two bargains have been concluded.
Subject to this rule plurality may
also be determined by the number
of persons taking part in the trans-
action as vendors or purchasers ; and if
two persons appoint one person
to
act for them, or one person
appoint two agents, jit is the
number of
these agents that must
be considered.
باب الْخِيَارِ
CHAPTER IV.— RIGHT OF OPTION OR CANCELLATION
يَثْبُتُ خِيَارُ الْمَجْلِسِ فِي أَنْوَاعِ الْبَيْعِ: كَالصَّرْفِ
وَالطَّعَامِ بِطَعَامٍ وَالسَّلَمِ وَالتَّوْلِيَةِ وَالتَّشْرِيكِ وَصُلْحِ
الْمُعَاوَضَةِ، وَلَوْ اشْتَرَى مَنْ يَعْتِقُ عَلَيْهِ، فَإِنْ قُلْنَا
الْمِلْكُ فِي زَمَنِ الْخِيَارِ لِلْبَائِعِ أَوْ مَوْقُوفٍ فَلَهُمَا
الْخِيَارُ، وَإِنْ قُلْنَا لِلْمُشْتَرِي تَخَيَّرَ الْبَائِعُ دُونَهُ.
وَلَا
خِيَارَ فِي الْإِبْرَاءِ وَالنِّكَاحِ وَالْهِبَةِ بِلَا ثَوَابٍ.
وَكَذَا
ذَاتُ الثَّوَابِ وَالشُّفْعَةُ وَالْإِجَارَةُ وَالْمُسَاقَاةُ وَالصَّدَاقُ
فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَيَنْقَطِعُ بِالتَّخَايُرِ بِأَنْ يَخْتَارَا
لُزُومَهُ فَلَوْ اخْتَارَ أَحَدُهُمَا سَقَطَ حَقُّهُ وَبَقِيَ
لِلْآخَرِ.
وَبِالتَّفَرُّقِ بِبَدَنِهِمَا، فَلَوْ طَالَ
مُكْثُهُمَا أَوْ قَامَا وَتَمَاشَيَا مَنَازِلَ دَامَ خِيَارُهُمَا،
وَيُعْتَبَرُ فِي التَّفَرُّقِ الْعُرْفُ.
وَلَوْ مَاتَ فِي
الْمَجْلِسِ أَوْ جُنَّ فَالْأَصَحُّ انْتِقَالُهُ إلَى الْوَارِثِ
وَالْوَلِيِّ.
وَلَوْ تَنَازَعَا فِي التَّفَرُّقِ أَوْ الْفَسْخِ
قَبْلَهُ صُدِّقَ النَّافِي.
CHAPTER IV.— RIGHT OF OPTION OR CANCELLATION
Section
The right of
option, called viajlis , i.e . “ of the
sitting,” is the inalienable
right to
cancel a contract concluded bv both
parties, so long as they have
not
yet separated. This right of option
obtains for all agreements of
the
nature of a sale, e.g . exchange of gold
or silver or of foodstuffs, the
contract of salam , mere transfer of a
thing purchased, sharing, com-
promise for
an equivalent, etc. It even exists
if one purchases a slave
of whom
one is the ancestor or the
descendant, and whose enfranchise-
ment
consequently take place ipso facto on
that purchase. When, in
these
circumstances, it is admitted that the
ownership of the slave
remains with
the vendor as long as the right
of option lasts, or even that
it
remains in suspense during that
interval, the doctrine must also be
admitted that either of the
contracting parties can cancel the agreement
upon the spot. But if, on
the contrary, it is held that the
ownership of
the slave is at once
transferred to the purchaser by his
taking possession,
then it follows that
the vendor alone enjoys a right of
option. No such
option exists in
the delivery of a debt, nor in a
marriage contract, nor in
a gift,
fwliether accompanied or not by a
remuneration, fnor in the
exercise of a
right of pre-emption, fnor in a contract
of hiring, nor in a
farm lease,
nor in stipulating dower.
Neither
does a right of option exist in
the following two cases : —
.
If the parties declare their approval
of the contract. If only one
does
so, he loses his right of option,
but that of the other party remains,
until he makes a similar declaration.
. If the parties separate
without any express reservation. A right
of option remains, however, as
long as the separation has not
taken place ;
even though the
parties remain together for a long time,
or get up and
walk about together.
Custom indicates what is to be
understood by the
word “ separation/’
fin the case of sudden death
of one of the parties, his right
of option
is transferred to his heir ;
similarly, in a case of sudden madness
the
right passes to the curator.
If proceedings are taken and one party
asserts and the other denies the
fact of separation or cancellation, the
presumption is in favour of the
one that denies.
فصل [في خيار الشرط وما يتبعه]
لَهُمَا وَلِأَحَدِهِمَا
شَرْطُ الْخِيَارِ فِي أَنْوَاعِ الْبَيْعِ إلَّا أَنْ يَشْتَرِطَا الْقَبْضَ
فِي الْمَجْلِسِ؛ كَرِبَوِيٍّ وَسَلَمٍ، وَإِنَّمَا يَجُوزُ فِي مُدَّةٍ
مَعْلُومَةٍ لَا تَزِيدُ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ، وَتُحْسَبُ مِنْ الْعَقْدِ،
وَقِيلَ مِنْ التَّفَرُّقِ، وَالْأَظْهَرُ أَنَّهُ إنْ كَانَ الْخِيَارُ
لِلْبَائِعِ فَمِلْكُ الْمَبِيعِ لَهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ لِلْمُشْتَرِي فَلَهُ،
وَإِنْ كَانَ لَهُمَا فَمَوْقُوفٌ، فَإِنْ تَمَّ الْبَيْعُ بَانَ أَنَّهُ
لِلْمُشْتَرِي مِنْ حِينِ الْعَقْدِ وَإِلَّا فَلِلْبَائِعِ.
وَيَحْصُلُ
الْفَسْخُ وَالْإِجَازَةُ بِلَفْظٍ يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِمَا: كَفَسَخْتُ
الْبَيْعَ وَرَفَعْتُهُ وَاسْتَرْجَعْتُ الْمَبِيعَ، وَفِي الْإِجَازَةِ:
أَجَزْتُهُ وَأَمْضَيْتُهُ وَوَطْءُ الْبَائِعِ وَإِعْتَاقُهُ فَسْخٌ، وَكَذَا
بَيْعُهُ وَإِجَارَتُهُ وَتَزْوِيجُهُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّ
هَذِهِ التَّصَرُّفَاتِ مِنْ الْمُشْتَرِي إجَازَةٌ، وَأَنَّ الْعَرْضَ عَلَى
الْبَيْعِ وَالتَّوْكِيلَ فِيهِ لَيْسَ فَسْخًا مِنْ الْبَائِعِ وَلَا إجَازَةً
مِنْ الْمُشْتَرِي.
Section
The contracting parties
may by special stipulation reserve a right
of conventional option, i.e. the
faculty of cancelling the contract within
a certain time. Such stipulation may
be made either by one of the con-
tracting parties or by both. It is
admissible in all agreements of the
nature of a contract of sale,
except only those in which possession
must
be taken upon the spot, as
hi the exchange of goods subject
to the pro-
hibition of illicit gain,
and in the contract of salam . The
faculty can
only be reserved for a
specified time, not exceeding three
days, from the
conclusion of the
bargain, or — according to others — from the
separation
of tho parties.
*Tlie
ownership of the thing sold remains
with the vendor, if a right
of
option has been stipulated by him ; or
with tho purchaser if tho
stipulation
was his ; and it remains in
suspense if both made the
stipulation.
However, if the contract is not
subsequently cancelled by
an exercise of
the right of option, the ownership
of the goods is considered
to have
been the purchaser’s from the time
the bargain was concluded ;
while
if, on the contrary, the contract
is cancelled, the vendor’s ownership
is
considered to have been uninterrupted.
Cancellation or approval of a sale
concluded under reservation of a
light
of option should be announced in
explicit terms, such as, “ I wish
the
bargain to be cancelled,” or “
suppressed,” or that “ the goods be
returned ” ; or “ I approve the
contract,” or “ I wish it to be carried
out.” Cancellation may also be
manifested by facts indicating that one
considers oneself owner of the
goods, e.g. by cohabitation between the
vendor and the slave he has
sold, or by her enfranchisement ; as also
by a second sale of the goods,
or by hiring them to another
person, or
by giving in marriage a
female slave. ^Similar acts on the
part of the
purchaser are considered
as showing that he approves the
bargain con-
cluded ; but exposing the
goods for sale does not constitute
an act of
ownership, either on the
part of the vendor or the
purchaser, and con-
sequently does not
suffice to establish approval or
cancellation.
فصل [في خيار النقيصة]
لِلْمُشْتَرِي الْخِيَارُ
بِظُهُورِ عَيْبٍ قَدِيمٍ؛ كَخِصَاءِ رَقِيقٍ وَزِنَاهُ وَسَرِقَتِهِ
وَإِبَاقِهِ وَبَوْلِهِ فِي الْفِرَاشِ وَبَخَرِهِ وَصُنَانِهِ وَجِمَاحِ
الدَّابَّةِ وَعَضِّهَا وَكُلِّ مَا يَنْقُصُ الْعَيْنَ أَوْ الْقِيمَةَ
نَقْصًا يَفُوتُ بِهِ غَرَضٌ صَحِيحٌ إذَا غَلَبَ فِي جِنْسِ الْمَبِيعِ
عَدَمُهُ سَوَاءٌ قَارَنَ الْعَقْدَ أَمْ حَدَثَ قَبْلَ الْقَبْضِ، وَلَوْ
حَدَثَ بَعْدَهُ فَلَا خِيَارَ إلَّا أَنْ يَسْتَنِدَ إلَى سَبَبٍ مُتَقَدِّمٍ
كَقَطْعِهِ بِجِنَايَةٍ سَابِقَةٍ فَيَثْبُتُ الرَّدُّ فِي الْأَصَحِّ،
بِخِلَافِ مَوْتِهِ بِمَرَضٍ سَابِقٍ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَوْ
قُتِلَ بِرِدَّةٍ سَابِقَةٍ ضَمِنَهُ الْبَائِعُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَوْ
بَاعَ بِشَرْطِ بَرَاءَتِهِ مِنْ الْعُيُوبِ فَالْأَظْهَرُ أَنَّهُ يَبْرَأُ
عَنْ كُلِّ عَيْبٍ بَاطِنٍ بِالْحَيَوَانِ لَمْ يَعْلَمْهُ دُونَ غَيْرِهِ،
وَلَهُ مَعَ هَذَا الشَّرْطِ الرَّدُّ بِعَيْبٍ حَدَثَ قَبْلَ الْقَبْضِ.
وَلَوْ
شَرَطَ الْبَرَاءَةَ عَمَّا يَحْدُثُ لَمْ يَصِحَّ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَوْ
هَلَكَ الْمَبِيعُ عِنْدَ الْمُشْتَرِي أَوْ أَعْتَقَهُ ثُمَّ عَلِمَ الْعَيْبَ
رَجَعَ بِالْأَرْشِ، وَهُوَ جُزْءٌ مِنْ ثَمَنِهِ نِسْبَتُهُ إلَيْهِ نِسْبَةُ
مَا نَقَصَ الْعَيْبُ مِنْ الْقِيمَةِ لَوْ كَانَ سَلِيمًا وَالْأَصَحُّ
اعْتِبَارُ أَقَلِّ قِيَمِهِ مِنْ يَوْمِ الْبَيْعِ إلَى الْقَبْضِ.
وَلَوْ
تَلِفَ الثَّمَنُ دُونَ الْمَبِيعِ رَدَّهُ وَأَخَذَ مِثْلَ الثَّمَنِ أَوْ
قِيمَتَهُ.
وَلَوْ عَلِمَ الْعَيْبَ بَعْدَ زَوَالِ مِلْكِهِ إلَى
غَيْرِهِ فَلَا أَرْشَ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، فَإِنْ عَادَ الْمِلْكُ فَلَهُ
الرَّدُّ، وَقِيلَ إنْ عَادَ بِغَيْرِ الرَّدِّ بِعَيْبٍ فَلَا رَدَّ،
وَالرَّدُّ عَلَى الْفَوْرِ فَلْيُبَادِرْ عَلَى الْعَادَةِ، فَلَوْ عَلِمَهُ
وَهُوَ يُصَلِّي أَوْ يَأْكُلُ فَلَهُ تَأْخِيرُهُ حَتَّى يَفْرُغَ أَوْ
لَيْلاً فَحَتَّى يُصْبِحَ، فَإِنْ كَانَ الْبَائِعُ بِالْبَلَدِ رَدَّهُ
عَلَيْهِ بِنَفْسِهِ أَوْ وَكِيلِهِ أَوْ عَلَى وَكِيلِهِ وَلَوْ تَرَكَهُ
وَرَفَعَ الْأَمْرَ إلَى الْحَاكِمِ فَهُوَ آكَدُ وَإِنْ كَانَ غَائِبًا رُفِعَ
إلَى الْحَاكِمِ.
وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ يَلْزَمُهُ الْإِشْهَادُ
عَلَى الْفَسْخِ إنْ أَمْكَنَهُ حَتَّى يُنْهِيَهُ إلَى الْبَائِعِ أَوْ
الْحَاكِمِ، فَإِنْ عَجَزَ عَنْ الْإِشْهَادِ لَمْ يَلْزَمْهُ التَّلَفُّظُ
بِالْفَسْخِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ تَرْكُ
الِاسْتِعْمَالِ، فَلَوْ اسْتَخْدَمَ الْعَبْدَ أَوْ تَرَكَ عَلَى الدَّابَّةِ
سَرْجَهَا أَوْ إكَافَهَا بَطَلَ حَقُّهُ، وَيُعْذَرُ فِي رُكُوبِ جَمُوحٍ
يَعْسُرُ سَوْقُهَا وَقَوْدُهَا، وَإِذَا سَقَطَ رَدُّهُ بِتَقْصِيرٍ فَلَا
أَرْشَ، وَلَوْ حَدَثَ عِنْدَهُ عَيْبٌ سَقَطَ الرَّدُّ قَهْرًا، ثُمَّ إنْ
رَضِيَ بِهِ الْبَائِعُ رَدَّهُ الْمُشْتَرِي أَوْ قَنَعَ بِهِ، وَإِلَّا
فَلْيَضُمَّ الْمُشْتَرِي أَرْشَ الْحَادِثِ إلَى الْمَبِيعِ وَيَرُدَّ أَوْ
يَغْرَمَ الْبَائِعُ أَرْشَ الْقَدِيمِ، وَلَا يَرُدُّ فَإِنْ اتَّفَقَا عَلَى
أَحَدِهِمَا فَذَاكَ وَإِلَّا فَالْأَصَحُّ إجَابَةُ مَنْ طَلَبَ
الْإِمْسَاكَ.
وَيَجِبُ أَنْ يُعْلِمَ الْمُشْتَرِي الْبَائِعَ
عَلَى الْفَوْرِ بِالْحَادِثِ لِيَخْتَارَ، فَإِنْ أَخَّرَ إعْلَامَهُ بِلَا
عُذْرٍ فَلَا رَدَّ وَلَا أَرْشَ.
وَلَوْ حَدَثَ عَيْبٌ لَا
يُعْرَفُ الْقَدِيمُ إلَّا بِهِ كَكَسْرِ بَيْضٍ وَرَانِجٍ وَتَقْوِيرِ
بِطِّيخٍ مُدَوِّدٍ رُدَّ وَلَا أَرْشَ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، فَإِنْ
أَمْكَنَ مَعْرِفَةُ الْقَدِيمِ بِأَقَلَّ مِمَّا أَحْدَثَهُ فَكَسَائِرِ
الْعُيُوبِ الْحَادِثَةِ.
Section ()
A purchaser has a right
of option on account of defects in
the thing
bought, of which he has
become aware only after taking
possession, but
which existed previously.
The following, for instance, are redhibitory
defects in a slave : — castration ;
tendency to debauchery, theft or
desertion ; incapacity to retain urine
when lying down ; a bad breath ;
a
fetid odour from the armpits. An
animal such as a horse or mule,
etc., is considered to have
redhibitory defects, if it is stubborn
or bites.
In a word any defect is
called redhibitory that affects the
substance or
the value of the
thing sold in such a way as to
render it unfit for the uso
to
which it is lawfully destined, at
any rate if the object is usually
exempt
from such defect. No distinction
is made between defects already
existing
at the time of the contract and
those that may occur later ; but
defects originating after taking
possession cannot give rise to
redhibitory option ; unless they are
the consequence of some previous
fact,
e.g . if some bodily member of a slave
has to be amputated under the
law
of talion for a crime committed before
taking possession, fin this
latter case
the slave may be returned to the
vendor ; but not if he dies
of
an already contracted malady. fOn the
other hand, redhibition is
admissible if
the slave has to be put to
death for previously abjuring
Islam.
*A sale under an express
condition that the vendor shall not be
responsible for redhibitory defects is
permitted only in the case of animals
and slaves, and only in regard
to hidden defects existing at the
time of
the contract unknown to
the vendor, who is otherwise fully
responsible.
Thus this stipulation does
not affect the vendor’s responsibility for
defects supervening between the
conclusion of the contract and taking
possession ; ffor this responsibility
cannot be excluded from the agree-
ment
under any pretext, as during that
interval the goods are at his
risk
and peril.
Should the purchaser
not become aware of certain redhibitory
defects
until after the accidental loss
of an object of which he has
taken posses-
sion, or until after
enfranchising a slave, he can still none
the less sue
the vendor for
damages, i.e . he can claim a proportional
reduction in the
price. fUnder these
circumstances the value of the object
is reckoned
at the lowest rate
obtaining between the contract and
taking possession.
And the right of
redhibition remains also in the case
of accidental loss
of what has
been given by way of price, in
which case the purchaser can
still
none the less return any defective
articles he may have received,
and
claim either objects analogous to those
he gave by way of price or
the value of those objects. But
where a purchaser perceives the exist-
ence
of defects only after transferring the
property to a third person,
fhe is
not entitled to any damage ; though
the right of redhibition is
renewed
if the property returns to the
ownership of the first purchaser.
However, according to some, this
last rule applies only to the case
where
an article is returned to
the first purchaser by reason of
redhibition.
Redhibition should be
effected without delay, as quickly as
custom
requires. It is understood that
if one becomes aware of some such
defect while praying or at a meal,
redhibition may be deferred until one
has finished ; or until daybreak,
if it occurs during the night. If
the
vendor or his agent is in
the place the article should be
returned either
by the purchaser or
some one acting on his behalf. But
it is better not
to concern
oneself about the vendor but take
the matter at once before
the
court. If the vendor is absent and
has no representative in the place,
there is all the more reason
to adopt this latter course, flf
possible,
witnesses should be called to
prove the fact of redhibition, and they
should look after the object until
it has been restored to the vendor
or to
the Court, f If it is
impossible to call witnesses, cancellation
need not be
pronounced before meeting
the vendor or his agent or coming
into court.
After discovering redhibitory
defects, use of the thing bought is
absolutely forbidden. Thus the right
of redhibition is lost if one con-
tinues to make use of the services
of a purchased slave, or even if one
leaves the saddle or shabrack on
the back of a mount. But it is
per-
missible to ride an animal back
to the vendor if it is so
mischievous one
can neither lead nor
drive it. In every case where the
purchaser loses
his right of redhibition
in consequence of his own fault or
negligence,
he loses also all claim
to damage.
The right of simply
returning the defective article ceases
when the
latter is allowed to
deteriorate still further in possession
of the pur-
chaser ; unless the vendor
consents to take it back as if
no deterioration
had occurred, in which
case the purchaser may either return
it or keep it
without compensation
on the part of the vendor. But
if, on the con-
trary, in consequence
of the deterioration, the vendor
declines to take
back the object
sold, the purchaser can only force
him to do so if he offers
to
pay compensation for the further
deterioration while in his possession ;
or he can, if he prefer,
keep the thing himself and claim
damages for the
original redhibitory
defects for which the vendor was
responsible. If
the parties are in
agreement as to the best way of
arranging their
difficulties in the
matter, no one has any right to
force them to adopt
any other ;
fbut otherwise the court should
authorise the arrangement
proposed by
the actual possessor who wishes to
keep the thing in dispute.
The
purchaser should also inform the vendor
without delay of any
accident that
may befall the article sold, so
that the latter may be able
to
declare his wishes ; for if the
purchaser puts off doing this, without
valid excuse, he loses both his
right of redhibition and his right
to claim
damage. If damage to the
thing sold is necessary before redhibitory
defects can be discovered, as for
instance in the case of an egg, a
coconut,
or a melon, and one is
not aware of the noisome or rotten
condition of the
thing until it is
opened, right of redhibition remains
intact, *and one is
not liable for
damage. But if it is possible to
ascertain the existence of
redhibitory
defects in some way that does less
damage to the goods, then
the
general rule relating to defects
supervening after taking possession
must
be observed.
فَرْعٌ [في عدم تفريق الصفقة بالعيب]
اشْتَرَى عَبْدَيْنِ
مَعِيبَيْنِ صَفْقَةً رَدَّهُمَا، وَلَوْ ظَهَرَ عَيْبُ أَحَدِهِمَا رَدَّهُمَا
لَا الْمَعِيبَ وَحْدَهُ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، وَلَوْ اشْتَرَى عَبْدٌ رَجُلَيْنِ
مَعِيبًا فَلَهُ رَدُّ نَصِيبِ أَحَدِهِمَا، وَلَوْ اشْتَرَيَاهُ
فَلِأَحَدِهِمَا الرَّدُّ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ.
وَلَوْ اخْتَلَفَا فِي
قِدَمِ الْعَيْبِ صُدِّقَ الْبَائِعُ بِيَمِينِهِ عَلَى حَسَبِ جَوَابِهِ.
وَالزِّيَادَةُ
الْمُتَّصِلَةُ كَالسِّمَنِ تَتْبَعُ الْأَصْلَ، وَالْمُنْفَصِلَةُ كَالْوَلَدِ
وَالْأُجْرَةِ لَا تَمْنَعُ الرَّدَّ، وَهِيَ لِلْمُشْتَرِي إنْ رَدَّ بَعْدَ
الْقَبْضِ وَكَذَا قَبْلَهُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَوْ بَاعَهَا
حَامِلاً فَانْفَصَلَ رَدَّهُ مَعَهَا فِي الْأَظْهَرِ.
وَلَا
يَمْنَعُ الرَّدُّ الِاسْتِخْدَامَ وَوَطْءَ الثَّيِّبِ، وَافْتِضَاضُ
الْبِكْرِ بَعْدَ الْقَبْضِ نَقْصٌ حَدَثَ وَقَبْلَهُ جِنَايَةٌ عَلَى
الْمَبِيعِ قَبْلَ الْقَبْضِ.
فَصْلٌ [في التصرية]
التَّصْرِيَةِ
حَرَامٌ تُثْبِتُ الْخِيَارَ عَلَى الْفَوْرِ، وَقِيلَ يَمْتَدُّ ثَلَاثَةَ
أَيَّامٍ، فَإِنْ رَدَّ بَعْدَ تَلَفِ اللَّبَنِ رَدَّ مَعَهَا صَاعَ تَمْرٍ،
وَقِيلَ يَكْفِي صَاعُ قُوتٍ، وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّ الصَّاعَ لَا يَخْتَلِفُ
بِكَثْرَةِ اللَّبَنِ وَأَنَّ خِيَارَهَا لَا يَخْتَصُّ بِالنَّعَمِ بَلْ
يَعُمُّ كُلَّ مَأْكُولٍ وَالْجَارِيَةَ وَالْأَتَانَ، وَلَا يَرُدُّ مَعَهُمَا
شَيْئًا، وَفِي الْجَارِيَةِ وَجْهٌ، وَحَبْسُ مَاءِ الْقَنَاةِ، وَالرَّحَى
الْمُرْسَلِ عِنْدَ الْبَيْعِ، وَتَحْمِيرُ الْوَجْهِ، وَتَسْوِيدُ الشَّعْرِ
وَتَجْعِيدُهُ يُثْبِتُ الْخِيَارَ، لَا لَطْخُ ثَوْبِهِ تَخْيِيلاً
لِكِتَابَتِهِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
Section
It is rigorously
forbidden to sell an animal put
aside for a few days
in order to
increase the amount of its milk at
the moment of sale. Such
fraud
gives the purchaser a right of
cancellation, provided he makes use
of
it without delay. According to some
authorities the right can still
be
exercised three days after discovery. If
the purchaser has alread}r
consumed the
milk from the animal, he should
return the beast to the
vendor
together with a seta of dry dates, or —
according to some — a saa
of any kind
of foodstuff forming the main ordinary
nourishment in that
locality, f A saa is
the amount due, however much milk
has been
consumed. And this right
of cancellation is not limited to
cattle, but
admitted for all animals
serving for nourishment, and also for a
female
slave and a she-ass. Only, in
these cases, it is not necessary
to pay the
vendor any compensation
for loss of milk, — though this has been
contested as to the female slave.
The following acts are considered
to be of the nature of fraud
and to
give rise to a right of
cancellation of sale : —
. Damming
irrigation water or mill water in
order to let it flow at
the
moment of sale.
. Painting the
face of a female slave red, or
dyeing her hair black,
or curling it.
fBut dirtying a slave’s clothes
with ink, to make a purchaser believe
he knows how to write, is no
ground of cancellation.
باب [في حكم المبيع قبل قبضه وبعده والتصرف فيه]
CHAPTER V—PROPERTY SOLD, BEFORE THE PURCHASER HAS TAKEN POSSESSION
الْمَبِيعِ
قَبْلَ قَبْضِهِ مِنْ ضَمَانِ الْبَائِعِ.
فَإِنْ تَلِفَ
انْفَسَخَ الْبَيْعُ وَسَقَطَ الثَّمَنُ، وَلَوْ أَبْرَأَهُ الْمُشْتَرِي عَنْ
الضَّمَانِ لَمْ يَبْرَأْ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ وَلَمْ يَتَغَيَّرْ الْحُكْمُ.
وَإِتْلَافُ
الْمُشْتَرِي قَبْضٌ إنْ عَلِمَ، وَإِلَّا فَقَوْلَانِ: كَأَكْلِ الْمَالِكِ
طَعَامَهُ الْمَغْصُوبَ ضَيْفًا، وَالْمَذْهَبُ أَنَّ إتْلَافَ الْبَائِعِ
كَتَلَفِهِ، وَالْأَظْهَرُ أَنَّ إتْلَافَ الْأَجْنَبِيِّ لَا يَفْسَخُ، بَلْ
يَتَخَيَّرُ الْمُشْتَرِي بَيْنَ أَنْ يُجِيزَ وَيَغْرَمُ الْأَجْنَبِيُّ أَوْ
يَفْسَخَ فَيَغْرَمُ الْبَائِعُ الْأَجْنَبِيُّ.
وَلَوْ تَعَيَّبَ
قَبْلَ الْقَبْضِ فَرَضِيَهُ أَخَذَهُ بِكُلِّ الثَّمَنِ، وَلَوْ عَيَّبَهُ
الْمُشْتَرِي فَلَا خِيَارَ أَوْ الْأَجْنَبِيُّ فَالْخِيَارُ، فَإِنْ أَجَازَ
غَرِمَ الْأَجْنَبِيُّ الْأَرْشَ، وَلَوْ عَيَّبَهُ الْبَائِعُ فَالْمَذْهَبُ
ثُبُوتُ الْخِيَارِ لَا التَّغْرِيمِ.
وَلَا يَصِحُّ بَيْعُ
الْمَبِيع قَبْلَ قَبْضِهِ، وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّ بَيْعَهُ لِلْبَائِعِ
كَغَيْرِهِ، وَأَنَّ الْإِجَارَةَ وَالرَّهْنَ وَالْهِبَةَ كَالْبَيْعِ،
وَأَنَّ الْإِعْتَاقَ بِخِلَافِهِ، وَالثَّمَنَ الْمُعَيَّنَ كَالْمَبِيعِ
فَلَا يَبِيعُهُ الْبَائِعُ قَبْلَ قَبْضِهِ، وَلَهُ بَيْعُ مَالِهِ فِي يَدِ
غَيْرِهِ أَمَانَةً كَوَدِيعَةٍ وَمُشْتَرَكٍ وَقِرَاضٍ وَمَرْهُونٍ بَعْدَ
انْفِكَاكِهِ وَمَوْرُوثٍ وَبَاقٍ فِي يَدِ وَلِيِّهِ بَعْدَ رُشْدِهِ، وَكَذَا
عَارِيَّةٌ وَمَأْخُوذٌ بِسَوْمٍ.
وَلَا يَصِحُّ بَيْعُ
الْمُسْلَمِ فِيهِ وَلَا الِاعْتِيَاضُ عَنْهُ، وَالْجَدِيدُ جَوَازُ
الِاسْتِبْدَالِ عَنْ الثَّمَنِ، فَإِنْ اسْتَبْدَلَ مُوَافِقًا فِي عِلَّةِ
الرِّبَا كَدَرَاهِمَ عَنْ دَنَانِيرَ اُشْتُرِطَ قَبْضُ الْبَدَلِ فِي
الْمَجْلِسِ وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ لَا يُشْتَرَطُ التَّعْيِينُ فِي الْعَقْدِ
وَكَذَا الْقَبْضُ فِي الْمَجْلِسِ إنْ اسْتَبْدَلَ مَا لَا يُوَافِقُ فِي
الْعِلَّةِ كَثَوْبٍ عَنْ دَرَاهِمَ، وَلَوْ اسْتَبْدَلَ عَنْ الْقَرْضِ
وَقِيمَةِ الْمُتْلَفِ جَازَ، وَفِي اشْتِرَاطِ قَبْضِهِ فِي الْمَجْلِسِ مَا
سَبَقَ.
وَبَيْعُ الدَّيْنِ لِغَيْرِ مَنْ عَلَيْهِ بَاطِلٌ فِي
الْأَظْهَرِ بِأَنْ اشْتَرَى عَبْدَ زَيْدٍ بِمِائَةٍ لَهُ عَلَى عَمْرٍو
وَلَوْ كَانَ لِزَيْدٍ وَعَمْرو دَيْنَانِ عَلَى شَخْصٍ فَبَاعَ زَيْدٌ عَمْرًا
دَيْنَهُ بِدَيْنِهِ بَطَلَ قَطْعًا، وَقَبْضُ الْعَقَارِ تَخْلِيَتُهُ
لِلْمُشْتَرِي وَتَمْكِينُهُ مِنْ التَّصَرُّفِ، بِشَرْطِ فَرَاغِهِ مِنْ
أَمْتِعَةِ الْبَائِعِ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَحْضُرْ الْعَاقِدَانِ الْمَبِيعَ
اُعْتُبِرَ مُضِيُّ زَمَنٍ يُمْكِنُ فِيهِ الْمُضِيُّ إلَيْهِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ
وَقَبْضُ الْمَنْقُولِ تَحْوِيلُهُ، فَإِنْ جَرَى الْبَيْعُ بِمَوْضِعٍ لَا
يَخْتَصُّ بِالْبَائِعِ كَفَى نَقْلَهُ إلَى حَيِّزٍ، وَإِنْ جَرَى فِي دَارِ
الْبَائِعِ لَمْ يَكْفِ ذَلِكَ إلَّا بِإِذْنِ الْبَائِعِ فَيَكُونُ مُعِيرًا
لِلْبُقْعَةِ.
CHAPTER v.—PROPERTY SOLD, BEFORE THE PURCHASER HAS TAKEN POSSESSION
Section 1
The vendor is responsible for the thing sold, until the purchaser has
taken possession ; so that if it is accidentally lost, the contract is ipso
facto cancelled, and the price need not be paid. *The purchaser cannot
relieve the vendor of this obligation, as it is a rule of public interest.
However, if the loss has been caused voluntarily and knowingly by the
purchaser, this circumstance is considered to amount to a taking
possession by him, and the responsibility consequently devolves upon
him. But in the contrary case, i.e. if the purchaser has caused the loss
involuntarily, there is the same divergence amongst authorities as with
regard to a person who involuntarily eats food unlawfully taken from
him by his host. The same rule that obtains in case of casual loss is
applied by our rite to loss caused by the vendor ; *but loss caused by a
third person does not necessarily imply a dissolution of the contract,
but confers on the purchaser the right of either demandiag the execution
of the engagement or of withdrawing from it. In the first case the
purchaser, in the second the vendor, can proceed against the thu'd person.
If it is not a case of total loss, but only of a deterioration in the value
of the object sold, the law establishes the following distinctions :
—
When the deterioration accidentally supervenes before taking possession,
and the purchaser declares he does not wish to make it a ground
of cancellation, he cannot claim to have a part of the price remitted ;
and still less of course where the deterioration is caused by himself.
On the other hand, deterioration caused by a thu-d person confers on a
purchaser a right of cancellation ; or, if he does not wish to withdraw
from the agreement, a right of proceeding against that third person.
If deterioration has been caused by the vendor, our rite prescribes ttiat
the purchaser may choose between a cancellation and an execution of
the contract, both without any claim to damage.
A purchaser is forbidden to resell anything bought before he has
taken possession of it ; whether the second sale be to the original vendor
or to some one else. Hiring, pledging or giving is prohibited as much
as selling, so long as possession has not been taken ; but the enfranchisement
of a slave may take place first. What is given in exchange for
goods, by way of price, is subject to the same law as the goods themselves,
at least if it is a certain definite object ; that is to say that the
vendor cannot transfer its ownership to any one else before taking
possession.
On the other hand, one may lawfully alienate, even before really
taking possession, the following :
—
1. What one has temporarily entrusted to the care of another by
way of deposit.
2. Funds contributed to a society or company.
3. Funds contributed to a joint stock company.
4. A thing pledged, if one has paid the debt.
5. Property inherited.
6. The balance due from a guardian upon the majority of a mmor.
7. An article one has lent for use.
8. Property bought at an auction sale.
For one is already owner of these things before actually taking
possession.
Before taking possession it is unlawful to sell foodstuffs upon which
one has advanced money, or to substitute other foodstuffe for those
stipulated in the contract of salam or advance ; but it is permissible
to replace the money advance by something else, at least according to
the opinion maintained by Shafii in his second period. If, however,
the money advanced, and the effects with which it is agreed to replace
it, are capable of giving rise to some illicit gain, the mutual taking possession
must be proceeded' with at once. As an example may be cited
the substitution of drahms, i.e. silver coin, for dinars or gold coin.
fWhen, on the other hand, the things substituted and those for which
they are substituted are not both of th^m capable of giving rise to illicit
gain, e.g. drahms replaced by cloth, the law does not insist upon certain
definite articles at the time of stipulation, and it is not necessary to take
possession at once.
فَرْعٌ [في تتمة أحكام الباب]
لِلْمُشْتَرِي قَبْضُ الْمَبِيعِ
إنْ كَانَ الثَّمَنُ مُؤَجَّلاً أَوْ سَلَّمَهُ، وَإِلَّا فَلَا يَسْتَقِلُّ
بِهِ، وَلَوْ بِيعَ الشَّيْءُ تَقْدِيرًا كَثَوْبٍ وَأَرْضٍ ذَرْعًا وَحِنْطَةٍ
كَيْلاً أَوْ وَزْنًا اُشْتُرِطَ مَعَ النَّقْلِ ذَرْعُهُ أَوْ كَيْلُهُ أَوْ
وَزْنُهُ: مِثَالُهُ بِعْتُكَهَا كُلَّ صَاعٍ بِدِرْهَمٍ أَوْ: عَلَى
أَنَّهَا عَشَرَةُ آصُعٍ، وَلَوْ كَانَ لَهُ طَعَامٌ مُقَدَّرٌ عَلَى زَيْدٍ
وَلِعَمْرٍو عَلَيْهِ مِثْلُهُ فَلْيَكْتَلْ لِنَفْسِهِ ثُمَّ يَكِيلُ
لِعَمْرٍو، فَلَوْ قَالَ اقْبِضْ مِنْ زَيْدٍ مَا لِي عَلَيْهِ لِنَفْسِكَ
فَفَعَلَ فَالْقَبْضُ فَاسِدٌ.
Section 2
One may also
lawfully agree to replace, not only
what one has
borrowed, but also
anything one has caused the loss
of, and is con-
sequently responsible
for. In doing so the following
distinctions should
be observed, with
regard to taking possession on the spot.
Except in accordance with the
provisions of Chapter IY. of Book ,
*the sale of a credit to any
one but the debtor is void. Thus
one cannot
purchase the slave of
Zaid with a hundred pieces ovred one
by Amr.
Neither may Zaid and Amr
exchange debts owed them by a third
person ;
any agreement to that
effect is void.
The taking
possession of immovable property is not
effected by a
mere surrender of it
to the purchaser ; the lavT insists
that he must be
put in the
state of being able to dispose of
it, after the vendor has re-
moved
his belongings, jTf the two contracting
parties are not present
at the
place where the purchased property is,
whether movable or
immovable, possession
should be taken within a reasonable
time. The
taking possession of movable
property is effected by simple delivery,
or by conveyance to the place
where the purchaser is. That is to
say,
if the sale has not been
concluded at the vendor’s it is
enough to convey
the goods to the
place where the purchaser is ; but
if the sale has been
concluded at
the vendor’s, then this is not
enough, and the things must
be
taken to the domicile of the
purchaser. And further, where the sale
takes place in the vendor’s house,
the purchaser cannot waive his right
to receive the goods at his
own house, seeing that the vendor
has no
benefit in keeping in his
house what he has sold. If the
vendor consents
to the things remaining,
he is considered to have lent the
purchaser
his house or his store
for that purpose.
Section 3
The purchaser has no
right to take possession of the
goods before
paying the price, unless
the vendor has allowed him time
for payment.
When something is
bought by measure or weight, such
as a piece of
cloth or a strip of
land so long, or a certain amount
of cheese, the
measuring or weighing
must take place at the same time
as the delivery.
As example of a
sale by capacity may be cited one
concluded thus :
“ I sell you this
piece of cheese at one clralm the
saa ,” or “I sell jtou
these ten
saas of cheese for such a sum.” If
it is a question of the sale
of a
certain quantity of foodstuffs, etc.,
that the vendor can claim from
Zaid and sells again to Amr
in equal quantity, the measuring must
take
place twice, first to transfer
the ownership of the goods from
Zaid to
the vendor, and then to
transfer it again from him to Amr.
The taking
possession would be illegal
if in these circumstances one simply
said to
Amr, “Take what Zaid owes
me,” and Amr proceeded to comply with
this invitation.
فَرْع [في تتمة الباب أيضًا]
قَالَ الْبَائِعُ لَا أُسَلِّمُ
الْمَبِيعَ حَتَّى أَقْبِضَ ثَمَنَهُ، وَقَالَ الْمُشْتَرِي فِي الثَّمَنِ
مِثْلَهُ أُجْبِرَ الْبَائِعُ، وَفِي قَوْلٍ الْمُشْتَرِي، وَفِي قَوْلٍ لَا
إجْبَارَ، فَمَنْ سَلَّمَ أُجْبِرَ صَاحِبُهُ، وَفِي قَوْلٍ يُجْبَرَانِ.
قُلْتُ:
فَإِنْ كَانَ الثَّمَنُ مُعَيَّنًا سَقَطَ الْقَوْلَانِ الْأَوَّلَانِ
وَأُجْبِرَا فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، وَاَللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ، وَإِذَا سَلَّمَ الْبَائِعُ
أُجْبِرَ الْمُشْتَرِي إنْ حَضَرَ الثَّمَنُ وَإِلَّا فَإِنْ كَانَ مُعْسِرًا
فَلِلْبَائِعِ الْفَسْخُ بِالْفَلَسِ، أَوْ مُوسِرًا وَمَالُهُ بِالْبَلَدِ
أَوْ بِمَسَافَةٍ قَرِيبَةٍ حُجِرَ عَلَيْهِ فِي أَمْوَالِهِ حَتَّى يُسَلِّمَ،
فَإِنْ كَانَ بِمَسَافَةِ الْقَصْرِ لَمْ يُكَلَّفْ الْبَائِعُ الصَّبْرَ إلَى
إحْضَارِهِ، وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّ لَهُ الْفَسْخَ فَإِنْ صَبَرَ فَالْحَجْرُ
كَمَا ذَكَرْنَا، وَلِلْبَائِعِ حَبْسُ مَبِيعِهِ حَتَّى يَقْبِضَ ثَمَنَهُ إنْ
خَافَ فَوْتَهُ بِلَا خِلَافٍ، وَإِنَّمَا الْأَقْوَالُ إذَا لَمْ يَخَفْ
فَوْتَهُ وَتَنَازَعَا فِي مُجَرَّدِ الِابْتِدَاءِ.
Section 4
When the vendor
refuses to deliver the goods to
the purchaser until
the latter has
paid the price of them, and the
purchaser on his part
declares he
will not pay before taking possession,
it is the vendor who
should take
the first steps. One jurist, however,
has maintained
the opinion that it
is the purchaser who should begin
by paying ; another
considers that there
is no obligation upon either to
begin, but whoever
fulfils the agreement
thereby obliges the other to do so
also ; a third
thinks that both parties
should be forced to carry out the
agreement
simultaneously.
[If the price
consists of a certain definite object,
the first two of these
opinions
are inadmissible ; *and both parties
should simultaneously
deliver the articles
agreed upon.]
After delivery by
the vendor the purchaser should pay
the price
agreed upon, if he has
it with him. If he has not,
the following circum-
stances should be
distinguished : —
. If the
purchaser is insolvent. In this case
the vendor can declare
him bankrupt ;
the sale is ijiso facto cancelled,
and the vendor can
reclaim the
thing sold and delivered.
. If
the purchaser is solvent, and his
property (a) is in the town or
its neighbourhood. In this case
the court may prohibit him from
engaging in any further trade,
until he has paid the debt, but
the sale
is not cancelled. But if
his property (b) is at a distance
that permits
the abridgment of prayer,
the vendor need not wait fbut may
either
cancel the contract or if
he prefer it await the arrival of
the money,
after having had the
purchaser forbidden to engage in any
further trade,
as indicated under (a).
It must be understood, however,
that this does not prevent the vendor
always having a right to detain
the object he is selling until
payment, if
otherwise he runs a risk
of losing both the price and it.
And the pur-
chaser has the same
right with regard to the price. So
that the differ-
ence of opinion among
jurists has regard only to disagreement
between
vendor and purchaser as to
which of the two should begin the
execution
of a contract of sale, without
prejudice to the adverse party.
باب التَّوْلِيَةِ وَالْإِشْرَاكُ وَالْمُرَابَحَةُ
CHAPTEK VI.— SIMPLE TRANSFER ; PART TRANSFER ; TRANSFER AT A PROFIT, OR AT A LOSS
اشْتَرَى شَيْئًا ثُمَّ قَالَ لِعَالِمٍ بِالثَّمَنِ وَلَّيْتُكَ هَذَا
الْعَقْدَ فَقَبِلَ لَزِمَهُ مِثْلُ الثَّمَنِ، وَهُوَ بَيْعٌ فِي شَرْطِهِ
وَتَرَتُّبِ أَحْكَامِهِ، لَكِنْ لَا يَحْتَاجُ إلَى ذِكْرِ الثَّمَنِ.
وَلَوْ
حُطَّ عَنْ الْمُوَلِّي بَعْضُ الثَّمَنِ انْحَطَّ عَنْ الْمُوَلَّى.
وَالْإِشْرَاكُ
فِي بَعْضِهِ كَالتَّوْلِيَةِ فِي كُلِّهِ إنْ بَيَّنَ الْبَعْضَ، فَلَوْ
أَطْلَقَ صَحَّ وَكَانَ مُنَاصَفَةً، وَقِيلَ لَا.
وَيَصِحُّ
بَيْعُ الْمُرَابَحَةِ بِأَنْ يَشْتَرِيَهُ بِمِائَةٍ ثُمَّ يَقُولُ بِعْتُك
بِمَا اشْتَرَيْتُ وَرِبْحِ دِرْهَمٍ لِكُلِّ عَشَرَةٍ أَوْ رِبْحِ الإل
عِوْدَانٌ.
وَالْمُحَاطَّةِ كَبِعْت بِمَا اشْتَرَيْتُ وَحَطِّ
الإل عِوْدَانٌ وَيُحَطُّ مِنْ كُلِّ أَحَدَ عَشَرَ وَاحِدٌ، وَقِيلَ مِنْ
كُلِّ عَشَرَةٍ، وَإِذَا قَالَ بِعْت بِمَا اشْتَرَيْت لَمْ يَدْخُلْ فِيهِ
سِوَى الثَّمَنِ.
وَلَوْ قَالَ بِمَا قَامَ عَلَيَّ دَخَلَ مَعَ
ثَمَنِهِ أُجْرَةُ الْكَيَّالِ وَالدَّلَّالِ وَالْحَارِسِ وَالْقَصَّارِ
وَالرَّفَّاءِ وَالصَّبَّاغِ وَقِيمَةُ الصِّبْغِ وَسَائِرُ الْمُؤَنِ
الْمُرَادَةِ لِلِاسْتِرْبَاحِ.
وَلَوْ قَصَّرَ بِنَفْسِهِ أَوْ
كَالَ أَوْ حَمَلَ أَوْ تَطَوَّعَ بِهِ شَخْصٌ لَمْ تَدْخُلْ أُجْرَتُهُ،
وَلْيَعْلَمَا ثَمَنَهُ أَوْ مَا قَامَ بِهِ فَلَوْ جَهِلَهُ أَحَدُهُمَا
بَطَلَ عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ وَلْيُصَدَّقْ الْبَائِعَ فِي قَدْرِ الثَّمَنِ،
وَالْأَجَلِ وَالشِّرَاءِ بِالْعَرْضِ وَبَيَانُ الْعَيْبِ الْحَادِثِ
عِنْدَهُ.
فَلَوْ قَالَ بِمِائَةٍ فَبَانَ بِتِسْعِينَ
فَالْأَظْهَرُ أَنَّهُ يَحُطُّ الزِّيَادَةَ وَرِبْحَهَا، وَأَنَّهُ لَا
خِيَارَ لِلْمُشْتَرِي.
وَلَوْ زَعَمَ أَنَّهُ مِائَةٌ وَعَشَرَةً
وَصَدَّقَهُ الْمُشْتَرِي لَمْ يَصِحَّ الْبَيْعُ فِي الْأَصَحّ.
قُلْت:
الْأَصَحُّ صِحَّتُهُ، وَاَللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.
وَإِنْ كَذَّبَهُ
وَلَمْ يُبَيِّنْ لِلْغَلَطِ وَجْهًا مُحْتَمَلاً لَمْ يُقْبَلْ قَوْلُهُ وَلَا
بَيِّنَتُهُ، وَلَهُ تَحْلِيفُ الْمُشْتَرِي أَنَّهُ لَا يَعْرِفُ ذَلِكَ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ، وَإِنْ بَيَّنَ فَلَهُ التَّحْلِيفُ، وَالْأَصَحُّ سَمَاعُ
بَيِّنَتِهِ.
CHAPTEK VI.— SIMPLE TRANSFER ; PART TRANSFER ;
TRANSFER AT A PROFIT, OR AT A LOSS
Simple transfer consists in buying
a thing and then saying to a third
person who is aware of the
price agreed on, “ I wish to transfer
to you
my rights and obligations
under this contract. If he accepts a
price
must be paid equal to that
agreed upon. An agreement of this
sort is
subject to the same rules
and has the same legal consequences
as an
ordinary sale ; but it is
unnecessary to mention any price as
the grantee
knows this already. Any
subsequent reduction in the price made
by
the vendor in favour of the
original purchaser goes to the entire
profit
of the grantee.
Part
transfer is identical to simple
transfer, with the sole difference
that
only a part of the thing purchased
is transferred, not the whole.
Part
transfer is valid, not only where
the part transferred is indicated,
but
also where a third person is made
to participate in the sale, without
expressly mentioning any particular
portion of the thing sold. In the
latter case each participant takes half
; though according to some
authorities
such a proceeding is illicit.
It
is lawful to make a transfer at a
profit, i.e.to buy, e.g., something for
one hundred drahms, and then to
offer to transfer it to a third
person at a
profit of “ one drahm
in ten,” or “ eleven for ten ” ;
while transfer at a
loss consists
in saying, “ I sell you what I have
just bought at a loss of
ten for
eleven,” and in that case the
difference between the price of the
purchase and that of the transfer
is one in eleven, or, according to
others,
one in ten.
If the
transfer has been made. “ for the
price of the purchase,” tho
transferee
owes only the price and nothing
more ; but if the words used
by
the purchaser were “ for what it
has cost me,” he owes, besides the
price of the purchase, what the
original purchaser has paid by way of
remuneration to the measurer, the
broker, the watchman, the cleaner,
the
repairer and the dyer he may have
employed, and also the price of
the dye and other substances he
may have used to increase the value
of the thing purchased. These
expenses, however, are not taken into
account if the original purchaser
has himself cleaned, measured, or
transported the article, nor if
another person has done so gratuitously.
It is obligatory, in every
transfer, that both contracting parties
should be aware of the price
of purchase, or what takes the
place of it.
ff Otherwise the
agreement is void. The law admits a
presumption in
favour of a declaration
by the transferrer with regard to
price and term
of payment, whether
the price has been paid in coin,
or other articles
given instead, and
with regard to redhibitory defects
supervening while
the goods were in
his possession.
*If a transferrer
declares he has bought the goods
for one hundred
pieces of money,
while in reality he had them for
ninety, he loses the
ten pieces
and any other profit he would
otherwise have made ; but
this does
not give the transferee a right to
cancel tho agreement. jTf,
after an
agreement has been concluded, the
transferrer declares that
the article
transferred at a profit for one hundred
really cost him one
hundred and
ten, and that thus the transferrer
is really at a loss, the agree-
ment
is void, unless the transferee consents
to accept the truth of this
subsequent declaration of the
transferrer, [j* This circumstance does not
render the transfer invalid.]
But
if, on the contrary, in such
circumstances the transferee does
not
accept the subsequent declaration of the
transferrer with reference
to the price,
and the latter can allege no
adequate excuse for his former
erroneous
statement, his later declaration is
inadmissible, even if he
could prove
the truth of it. fHis only remedy
then is to call upon the
transferrer to take an oath that
he was ignorant of the real price
of
purchase. Where, however, the
transferrer can allege an adequate
excuse for his former erroneous
declaration with regard to the price, he
may at his choice either challenge
the transferee to take an oath, or
prove the truth of his later
declaration.
باب الْأُصُولِ وَالثِّمَارِ
CHAPTER VII.— SALE OF TREES, FRUIT, AND STANDING CROPS
قَالَ بِعْتُك هَذِهِ الْأَرْضَ أَوْ السَّاحَةَ أَوْ الْبُقْعَةَ وَفِيهَا
بِنَاءٌ وَشَجَرٌ، فَالْمَذْهَبُ أَنَّهُ يَدْخُلَ فِي الْبَيْعِ دُونَ
الرَّهْنِ.
وَأُصُولُ الْبَقْلِ الَّتِي تَبْقَى سَنَتَيْنِ
كَالْقَتِّ وَالْهُنْدَبَا كَالشَّجَرِ، وَلَا يَدْخُلُ مَا يُؤْخَذُ
كَحِنْطَةٍ وَشَعِيرٍ وَسَائِرِ الزُّرُوعِ.
وَيَصِحُّ بَيْعُ
الْأَرْضِ الْمَزْرُوعَةِ عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ، وَلِلْمُشْتَرِي الْخِيَارُ إنْ
جَهِلَهُ، وَلَا يَمْنَعُ الزَّرْعُ دُخُولَ الْأَرْضِ فِي يَدِ الْمُشْتَرِي
وَضَمَانُهُ إذَا حَصَلَتْ التَّخْلِيَةُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَالْبَذْرُ
كَالزَّرْعِ، وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ لِلْمُشْتَرَيْ مُدَّةَ بَقَاءِ
الزَّرْعِ.
وَلَوْ بَاعَ أَرْضًا مَعَ بَذْرٍ أَوْ زَرْعٍ لَا
يُفْرَدُ بِالْبَيْعِ بَطَلَ فِي الْجَمِيعِ، وَقِيلَ فِي الْأَرْضِ
قَوْلَانِ.
وَيَدْخُلُ فِي بَيْعِ الْأَرْضِ الْحِجَارَةُ
الْمَخْلُوقَةُ فِيهَا، دُونَ الْمَدْفُونَةِ، وَلَا خِيَارَ لِلْمُشْتَرِي إنْ
عَلِمَ، وَيَلْزَمُ الْبَائِعَ النَّقْلُ، وَكَذَا إنْ جَهِلَ وَلَمْ يَضُرَّ
قَلْعُهَا، وَإِنْ ضَرَّ فَلَهُ الْخِيَارُ، فَإِنْ أَجَازَ لَزِمَ الْبَائِعَ
النَّقْلُ وَتَسْوِيَةُ الْأَرْضِ.
وَفِي وُجُوبِ أُجْرَةِ
الْمِثْلِ مُدَّةَ النَّقْلِ أَوْجُهٌ.
أَصَحُّهَا تَجِبُ إنْ
نَقَلَ بَعْدَ الْقَبْضِ لَا قَبْلَهُ.
وَيَدْخُلُ فِي بَيْعِ
الْبُسْتَانِ الْأَرْضُ وَالشَّجَرُ وَالْحِيطَانُ، وَكَذَا الْبِنَاءُ عَلَى
الْمَذْهَبِ.
وَفِي بَيْعِ الْقَرْيَةِ الْأَبْنِيَةُ وَسَاحَاتٌ
يُحِيطُ بِهَا السُّورُ، لَا الْمَزَارِعُ عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ.
وَفِي
بَيْعِ الدَّارِ الْأَرْضُ، وَكُلُّ بِنَاءٍ حَتَّى حَمَّامُهَا، لَا
الْمَنْقُولُ كَالدَّلْوِ وَالْبَكْرَةِ وَالسَّرِيرِ، وَتَدْخُلُ الْأَبْوَابُ
الْمَنْصُوبَةُ وَحِلَقُهَا وَالْإِجَّانَاتُ وَالرَّفُّ وَالسُّلَّمُ
الْمُسَمَّرَانِ، وَكَذَا الْأَسْفَلُ مِنْ حَجَرَيْ الرَّحَى عَلَى
الصَّحِيحِ، وَالْأَعْلَى وَمِفْتَاحُ غَلْقٍ مُثْبَتٌ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَفِي
بَيْعِ الدَّابَّةِ نَعْلُهَا، وَكَذَا ثِيَابُ الْعَبْدِ فِي بَيْعِهِ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ قُلْت: الْأَصَحُّ لَا تَدْخُلُ ثِيَابُ الْعَبْدِ، وَاَللَّهُ
أَعْلَمُ.
CHAPTER VII.— SALE OF TREES, FRUIT, AND
STANDING CROPS
Section ()
If
one says, “ I sell you this land,”
or “ this courtyard,” or “ this plot
of ground,” the buildings and
trees upon it are ipso facto
comprised in
the bargain. This rule,
however, according to our school, does
not
apply to the case of a pledge
or security. Plants whose roots remain
in the soil for more than
one year, such as the halt and
chicory are con-
sidered to be trees
and consequently included in a sale of
land ; but this
is not the case
with plants whose roots give only a
single crop, like wheat,
barley and
other grain. Although in consequence the
vendor remains
owner of these plants,
our school does not forbid the
sale of a field that
has growing
grain on it ; but the purchaser can
make this a cause of
cancellation, if
he was not aware of it. ^Previous
sowing does not in
itself form an
obstacle to the delivery of a piece
of ground, and the loss
or
accidental deterioration of the crops
renders the purchaser liable as
depository, from the moment of
surrender by the vendor. Planting
shoots
is the same thing as sowing. *j*If
the purchaser does not renounce
the
purchase upon perceiving that the land
has been sown, he loses the
right
to damage he would otherwise have
on the ground that he had had
no use of the land until the
harvest.
The combined sale of a
field and the crops on it is
void, both as
regards the land and
as regards the crops ; though some
jurists maintain
that this rule is
of doubtful application, so far as
the land is concerned.
A sale of
land includes the stones that may
happen naturally to be
upon it,
but not those brought there by the
hand of man. A purchaser
has, however,
no right to cancel the contract,
if at the time of concluding
the
bargain he knew such stones were
there ; but he may oblige the
vendor to remove them. If the
purchaser was unaware of the con-
dition
of the ground, the same principle
should be observed, if the stones
can be removed without injury to
the soil. If this is impossible, the
purchaser may, at his choice,
either cancel the contract on the ground
of redhibitory defects, or oblige
the vendor to remove the stones and
level the soil. As to the
obligation of the vendor to indemnify
the
purchaser, under these circumstances,
authorities are not in agreement.
I
prefer the view which admits that a
reasonable indemnity may be
claimed ; of
course only in a case where the
stones are removed after
possession has
been taken, for before this a purchaser
has no right to
any compensation.
In a sale the following things
are understood to be included : —
. In the sale of a “ garden
” are included the ground, trees, walls,
and — according to our school — the
buildings, that may be in it.
. In the sale of a “ village
” are included all buildings and empty
ground within the circuit of the
walls ; ffbut not the fields outside.
. In the sale of a “ house ”
are included the ground, and all build-
ings, including baths ; but not movable
furniture, such as pails, pulleys,
and
beds. Included are also fixed doors,
with their hinges, washing-
house vats,
fixed shutters, fixed stairs, ffupper
and lower mill stones,
|and the
keys of fixed locks.
. In
the sale of an “ animal ” is
included any shoeing of iron or
other material applied to the
soles of the feet.
. In the
sale of a “ slave ” are included the
clothes he is wearing.
[fTlie sale
of a slave does not include the
clothes he is wearing.]
فَرْعٌ: [في دخول ما يتبع المبيع في البيع]
بَاعَ شَجَرَةً
دَخَلَ عُرُوقُهَا وَوَرَقُهَا وَفِي وَرَقِ التُّوتِ وَجْهٌ، وَأَغْصَانُهَا
إلَّا الْيَابِسَ، وَيَصِحُّ بَيْعُهَا بِشَرْطِ الْقَلْعِ أَوْ الْقَطْعُ،
وَبِشَرْطِ الْإِبْقَاءِ، وَالْإِطْلَاقُ يَقْتَضِي الْإِبْقَاءَ، وَالْأَصَحُّ
أَنَّهُ لَا يَدْخُلُ الْمَغْرِسِ لَكِنْ يَسْتَحِقُّ مَنْفَعَتَهُ مَا
بَقِيَتْ الشَّجَرَةُ.
وَلَوْ كَانَتْ يَابِسَةً لَزِمَ
الْمُشْتَرِيَ الْقَلْعُ.
وَثَمَرَةُ النَّخْلِ الْمَبِيعِ إنْ
شُرِطَتْ لِلْبَائِعِ أَوْ الْمُشْتَرِي عُمِلَ بِهِ، وَإِلَّا فَإِنْ لَمْ
يَتَأَبَّرْ مِنْهَا شَيْءٌ فَهِيَ لِلْمُشْتَرِي، وَإِلَّا فَلِلْبَائِعِ،
وَمَا يَخْرُجُ ثَمَرُهُ بِلَا نَوْرٍ: كَتِينٍ وَعِنَبٍ إنْ بَرَزَ ثَمَرُهُ
فَلِلْبَائِعِ، وَإِلَّا فَلِلْمُشْتَرِي، وَمَا خَرَجَ فِي نَوْرِهِ ثُمَّ
سَقَطَ كَمِشْمِشٍ وَتُفَّاحٍ فَلِلْمُشْتَرِي إنْ لَمْ تَنْعَقِدْ
الثَّمَرَةُ، وَكَذَا إنْ انْعَقَدَتْ وَلَمْ يَتَنَاثَرْ النَّوْرُ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ وَبَعْدَ التَّنَاثُرِ لِلْبَائِعِ، وَلَوْ بَاعَ نَخَلَاتِ
بُسْتَانٍ مُطْلِعَةٍ وَبَعْضُهَا مُؤَبَّرٌ فَلِلْبَائِعِ، فَإِنْ أَفْرَدَ
مَا لَمْ يُؤَبَّرْ فَلِلْمُشْتَرِي فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَلَوْ كَانَتْ فِي
بَسَاتِينَ فَالْأَصَحُّ إفْرَادُ كُلِّ بُسْتَانٍ بِحُكْمِهِ، وَإِذَا
بَقِيَتْ الثَّمَرَةُ لِلْبَائِعِ، فَإِنْ شَرَطَ الْقَطْعَ لَزِمَهُ، وَإِلَّا
فَلَهُ تَرْكُهَا إلَى الْجِدَادِ، وَلِكُلٍّ مِنْهُمَا السَّقْيُ إنْ
انْتَفَعَ بِهِ الشَّجَرُ وَالثَّمَرُ.
وَلَا مَنْعَ لِلْآخَرِ،
وَإِنْ ضَرَّهُمَا لَمْ يَجُزْ إلَّا بِرِضَاهُمَا، وَإِنْ ضَرَّ أَحَدَهُمَا
وَتَنَازَعَا فُسِخَ الْعَقْدُ إلَّا أَنْ يُسَامِحَ الْمُتَضَرِّرُ، وَقِيلَ
لِطَالِبِ السَّقْيِ أَنْ يَسْقِيَ.
وَلَوْ كَانَ الثَّمَرُ
يَمْتَصُّ رُطُوبَةَ الشَّجَرِ لَزِمَ الْبَائِعَ أَنْ يَقْطَعَ أَوْ
يَسْقِيَ.
Section ()
The sale of a
tree includes that of the roots
and leaves ; but as to
the leaves
of a mulberry tree authorities are not
agreed. Such sale
includes also the
branches, except those already withered. A
tree can
be sold either on
condition that it be torn up or
cut down or on con-
dition that it
shall remain where it is. The
latter is assumed, if no
condition
be mentioned. The sale of a tree
does not extend to the soil
in
which it is planted, but the
purchaser has a right to use the
ground as
long as the tree remains
; and if the tree dies, he must
remove it.
The fruit of a palm
that has been sold belongs to the
vendor or to
the purchaser according
to agreement. If no stipulation lias
been made,
the fruit belongs to
the purchaser if it has not been
fertilised by the
vendor, but otherwise
to the latter. As to trees that
bear fruit but no
flowers, such as
the fig and vine, the fruit
belongs to the vendor if it
has
already appeared at the time of
sale, otherwise to the purchaser.
But
in the case of fruit that grows
out from flowers that then fall off,
as with apples and apricots, it
belongs to the purchaser if not
yet formed,
|and also even if
formed, if the flower has not yet
fallen. If the bargain
is concluded
later than this, the fruit belongs
to the vendor.
When one sells “
the palm trees of a garden that
have already pro-
duced spathes of which
some are fertilised, ” all the fruit is
the vendor’s,
unless the purchaser has
made a special stipulation reserving for
himself
the spathes not fertilised, flf,
on the contrary, it is a question
of the
palm-trees, not of a single
garden, hut of two distinct gardens,
of which
only one has fertilised
palms, then each must be separately
considered.
If the fruit remains the
vendor’s, he is obliged to gather
it at once, if
such is the
agreement ; but otherwise he may leave
it on the trees until
the proper
season for plucking it. Both contracting
parties have a
right to water the
ground when necessary if it is
profitable for the tree
or the
fruit, and neither may place any
hindrance in the way of this
being
done ; but if the watering is
harmful to the tree or the fruit,
it
can only be done by mutual
consent. If watering is harmful to the
tree only, but not to the
fruit, or vice versa , the contract
should be can-
celled if the two
parties cannot agree about it, unless
the injured party
is willing to
enter into an arrangement. Some jurists
maintain, however,
there is always a
right of watering under any
circumstances. The
purchaser can compel
the vendor to gather the fruit, or
water the tree,
if the tree only
has been sold and the fruit absorb
the sap.
فصل [في بيان بيع الثمر والزرع وبدو صلاحهما]
يَجُوزُ بَيْعُ
الثَّمَرِ بَعْدَ بُدُوِّ صَلَاحِهِ مُطْلَقًا، وَبِشَرْطِ قَطْعِهِ،
وَبِشَرْطِ إبْقَائِهِ، وَقَبْلَ الصَّلَاحِ إنْ بِيعَ مُنْفَرِدًا عَنْ
الشَّجَرِ، لَا يَجُوزُ إلَّا بِشَرْطِ الْقَطْعِ وَأَنْ يَكُونَ الْمَقْطُوعُ
مُنْتَفَعًا بِهِ لَا كَكُمَّثْرَى، وَقِيلَ إنْ كَانَ الشَّجَرُ لِلْمُشْتَرِي
جَازَ بِلَا شَرْطٍ.
قُلْت: فَإِنْ كَانَ الشَّجَرُ
لِلْمُشْتَرِي وَشَرَطْنَا الْقَطْعَ لَا يَجِبُ الْوَفَاءُ بِهِ، وَاَللَّهُ
أَعْلَمُ، وَإِنْ بِيعَ مَعَ الشَّجَرِ جَازَ بِلَا شَرْطٍ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ
بِشَرْطِ قَطْعِهِ.
وَيَحْرُمُ بَيْعُ الزَّرْعِ الْأَخْضَرِ فِي
الْأَرْضِ إلَّا بِشَرْطِ قَطْعِهِ، فَإِنْ بَيْعَ مَعَهَا أَوْ بَعْدَ
اشْتِدَادِ الْحَبِّ جَازَ بِلَا شَرْطٍ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ لِبَيْعِهِ
وَبَيْعِ الثَّمَرِ بَعْدَ بُدُوِّ الصَّلَاحِ ظُهُورُ الْمَقْصُودِ: كَتِينٍ
وَعِنَبٍ وَشَعِيرٍ، وَمَا لَا يُرَى حَبُّهُ كَالْحِنْطَةِ وَالْعَدَسِ فِي
السُّنْبُلِ لَا يَصِحُّ بَيْعُهُ دُونَ سُنْبُلِهِ وَلَا مَعَهُ فِي
الْجَدِيدِ، وَلَا بَأْسَ بِكِمَامٍ لَا يُزَالُ إلَّا عِنْدَ الْأَكْلِ، وَمَا
لَهُ كِمَامَانِ كَالْجَوْزِ وَاللَّوْزِ وَالْبَاقِلَّا فَلَا يُبَاعُ فِي
قِشْرِهِ الْأَسْفَلِ، وَلَا يَصِحُّ فِي الْأَعْلَى، وَفِي قَوْلٍ يَصِحُّ إنْ
كَانَ رَطْبًا.
وَبُدُوُّ صَلَاحِ الثَّمَرِ ظُهُورُ مَبَادِي
النُّضْجِ وَالْحَلَاوَةِ فِيمَا لَا يَتَلَوَّنُ، وَفِي غَيْرِهِ بِأَنْ
يَأْخُذَ فِي الْحُمْرَةِ أَوْ السَّوَادِ، وَيَكْفِي بُدُوُّ صَلَاحِ بَعْضِهِ
وَإِنْ قَلَّ.
وَلَوْ بَاعَ ثَمَرَةَ بُسْتَانٍ أَوْ بَسَاتِينَ
بَدَا صَلَاحُ بَعْضِهِ فَعَلَى مَا سَبَقَ فِي التَّأْبِيرِ.
وَمَنْ
بَاعَ مَا بَدَا صَلَاحُهُ لَزِمَهُ سَقْيُهُ قَبْلَ التَّخْلِيَةِ
وَبَعْدَهَا، وَيَتَصَرَّفُ مُشْتَرِيه بَعْدَهَا.
وَلَوْ عَرَضَ
مُهْلِكٌ بَعْدَهَا كَبَرْدٍ فَالْجَدِيدُ أَنَّهُ مِنْ ضَمَانِ
الْمُشْتَرِي.
فَلَوْ تَعَيَّبَ بِتَرْكِ الْبَائِعِ السَّقْيَ
فَلَهُ الْخِيَارُ، وَلَوْ بِيعَ قَبْلَ صَلَاحِهِ بِشَرْطِ قَطْعِهِ وَلَمْ
يُقْطَعْ حَتَّى هَلَكَ فَأَوْلَى بِكَوْنِهِ مِنْ ضَمَانِ الْمُشْتَرِي.
وَلَوْ
بِيعَ ثَمَّ يَغْلِبُ تَلَاحُقُهُ وَاخْتِلَاطُ حَادِثِهِ بِالْمَوْجُودِ
كَتِينٍ وَقِثَّاءٍ لَمْ يَصِحَّ إلَّا أَنْ يُشْتَرَطَ عَلَى الْمُشْتَرِي
قَطْعُ ثَمَرِهِ، وَلَوْ حَصَلَ الِاخْتِلَاطُ فِيمَا يَنْدُرُ فِيهِ،
فَالْأَظْهَرُ أَنَّهُ لَا يَنْفَسِخُ الْبَيْعُ بَلْ يَتَخَيَّرُ
الْمُشْتَرِي، فَإِنْ سَمَحَ لَهُ الْبَائِعُ بِمَا حَدَثَ سَقَطَ خِيَارُهُ
فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَا يَصِحُّ بَيْعُ الْحِنْطَةِ فِي
سُنْبُلِهَا بِصَافِيَةٍ وَهُوَ الْمُحَاقَلَةُ، وَلَا الرُّطَبِ عَلَى
النَّخْلِ بِتَمْرٍ وَهُوَ الْمُزَابَنَةُ.
وَيُرَخَّصُ فِي
الْعَرَايَا، وَهُوَ بَيْعُ الرُّطَبِ عَلَى النَّخْلِ بِتَمْرٍ فِي الْأَرْضِ
أَوْ الْعِنَبِ فِي الشَّجَرِ بِزَبِيبٍ، فِيمَا دُونَ خَمْسَةِ أَوْسُقٍ،
وَلَوْ زَادَ فِي صَفْقَتَيْنِ جَازَ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ التَّقَابُضُ
بِتَسْلِيمِ التَّمْرِ كَيْلاً، وَالتَّخْلِيَةُ فِي النَّخْلِ وَالْأَظْهَرُ
أَنَّهُ لَا يَجُوزُ فِي سَائِرِ الثِّمَارِ، وَأَنَّهُ لَا يَخْتَصُّ
بِالْفُقَرَاءِ.
Section
The fruit of a tree
may be sold as soon as it
has begun to ripen,
either without
expressing any condition, or on
condition that it be
gathered, or
on condition that it remain some
time longer on the tree.
On the
other hand, it cannot be sold
apart from the tree until it has
begun to ripen, unless it is
stipulated that it must be gathered
imme-
diately, andjdie fruit so gathered
prematurely is of some use. For
example this is not the case
with pears. Some authorities, however,
maintain the validity of a sale of
ripening fruit, unreservedly, if the
purchaser is already the owner of
the tree. [If, in such a case, the
vendor has stipulated that the
fruit must be plucked immediately,
the
purchaser is not obliged to carry
out the obligation.]
A combined sale
of fruit and tree is lawful,
without the addition of
any special
agreement ; but a stipulation that the fruit
must bo plucked
at once is in
this case inadmissible. The law forbids
a sale of green
standing grain, unless
it is stipulated that it be at
once plucked out or
reaped ; but
the sale of grain, whether with
the ground, or after ripening,
is
permitted unreservedly.
For the validity
of a sale of ripening grain or
fruit the law requires
that the
true subject of the bargain can be
seen, i.e. that one can seo
the
fig, the grape, or the barley.
Products of the soil having hidden
grains, such as corn in the
ear or lentil seeds in their pods,
cannot bo
sold without these envelopes.
Shafii even advocated, in his second
period, the prohibition of a sale
with the envelopes. This prohibition,
however, does not relate to
products of the soil whose envelope
is only
removed at the moment of
eating ; nor to those with two
envelopes,
such as nuts, almonds, and
beans, which may lawfully bo sold
in their
inner, but not in their
outer, envelope. A single authority maintains,
however, that a sale in the outer
envelope is legal, if the products bo
not yet dry.
The first sign
of maturity in fruit that does not
change colour is the
fact of its
being seen from the outside to
attain its full development, and
of
having acquired its agreeable taste ;
and an appearance of red and
black
in fruit that changes. It is
enough that a part of the fruit, however
small, arrives at maturity, to
render lawful the unconditional sale of
that fruit. If the fruit of
one or more gardens is sold, in
some of which
only maturity has
begun, the rule given in the
second part of the pre-
ceding section
with regard to fertilisation must be
observed.
A person who sells fruit
beginning to ripen should, although remain-
ing owner of the tree, continue to
water it, as well before as after
the
transfer of the fruit to the
purchaser, until the gathering. However,
after the transfer of the fruit
to the purchaser, the latter has
the right
to dispose of them ; and
it is he upon whom the loss
falls, in case of frost
or other
similar occurrence. This at least is
the opinion entertained
by Shafii during
his Egyptian period. If the fruit
deteriorates because
the vendor neglects
to water the tree, the purchaser
has even the right
to cancel the
contract ; but in the case of fruit
sold before the appear-
ance of signs
of maturity, under the express condition
that the purchaser
shall gather it
immediately, any loss from deterioration
caused by in-
sufficient watering by the
vendor falls, according to the best
doctrine,
upon the purchaser, if the
latter delays the gathering agreed upon.
In general, the law does not
permit a sale of fruit, even mature, in
the case of a tree or plant
that does not ordinarily yield its
fruit all at
one time, but at
different intervals, so that new fruit
appears on the
same tree or plant
along with that already grown, as e.g .
in the case of
figs, or of
cucumbers. The validity of such a sale
is admitted only —
. On condition
that the purchaser must immediately
gather the
fruit sold him.
.
In a case where the peculiarity exists
only for a few scattered
fruits. *But
the purchaser always has a right of
cancellation, funless
the vendor allows
him to take the new fruit as well.
It is forbidden to barter —
. Corn in the ear for
husked corn ; an exchange called mohakala .
. Dates on the tree for
dry dates ; an exchange called mozabana .
On the other hand, as an
indulgence, the law allows the contract
called aruya , i.e . the barter of dates
on the tree for dry dates placed
at
the foot of it ; or the
exchange of grapes on the vine for
raisins ; pro-
vided in both cases that
the amount is less than five
ivask. If the
quantity be greater
than this, the law admits the
validity of such an
exchange only
if it takes place by two or
more different transactions.
The contract
of araija necessitates an immediate
taking possession by
each party, i.e .
the measuring and delivery of the
dry dates on the ono
hand, and
on the other the transfer of those
on the tree. *An exchange
of this
kind cannot be effected with regard
to any other fruit, except
dates
and grapes. Some authors maintain that
only persons with
insufficient money to
buy green dates can have recourse
to this form of
contract ; but this
is not so.
باب اخْتِلَافِ الْمُتَبَايِعَيْنِ
CHAPTER VIII.— DISPUTES BETWEEN VENDOR AND PURCHASER
إذَا اتَّفَقَا عَلَى صِحَّةِ الْبَيْعِ ثُمَّ اخْتَلَفَا فِي كَيْفِيَّتِهِ
كَقَدْرِ الثَّمَنِ، أَوْ صِفَتِهِ أَوْ الْأَجَلِ أَوْ قَدْرِهِ أَوْ قَدْرِ
الْمَبِيعِ وَلَا بَيِّنَةَ تَحَالَفَا.
فَيَحْلِفُ كُلٌّ عَلَى
نَفْيِ قَوْلِ صَاحِبِهِ وَإِثْبَاتِ قَوْلِهِ، وَيَبْدَأُ بِالْبَائِعِ وَفِي
قَوْلٍ بِالْمُشْتَرِي، وَفِي قَوْلٍ يَتَسَاوَيَانِ فَيَتَخَيَّرُ الْحَاكِمُ،
وَقِيلَ يُقْرَعُ، وَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّهُ يَكْفِي كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ يَمِينٌ
تَجْمَعُ نَفْيًا وَإِثْبَاتًا وَيُقَدَّمُ النَّفْيُ فَيَقُولُ مَا بِعْتُ
بِكَذَا وَلَقَدْ بِعْتُ بِكَذَا، وَإِذَا تَحَالَفَا فَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّ
الْعَقْدَ لَا يَنْفَسِخُ، بَلْ إنْ تَرَاضَيَا وَإِلَّا فَيَفْسَخَانِهِ أَوْ
أَحَدُهُمَا أَوْ الْحَاكِمُ وَقِيلَ إنَّمَا يَفْسَخُهُ الْحَاكِمُ، ثُمَّ
عَلَى الْمُشْتَرِي رَدُّ الْمَبِيعِ فَإِنْ كَانَ وَقَفَهُ أَوْ أَعْتَقَهُ
أَوْ بَاعَهُ أَوْ كَاتَبَهُ أَوْ مَاتَ لَزِمَهُ قِيمَتُهُ وَهِيَ قِيمَتُهُ
يَوْمَ التَّلَفِ فِي أَظْهَرِ الْأَقْوَالِ.
وَإِنَّ تَعَيَّبَ
رَدَّهُ مَعَ أَرْشِهِ.
وَاخْتِلَافُ وَرَثَتِهِمَا كَهُمَا.
وَلَوْ
قَالَ: بِعْتُكَهُ بِكَذَا فَقَالَ وَهَبْتَنِيهِ فَلَا تَحَالُفَ بَلْ
يَحْلِفُ كُلٌّ عَلَى نَفْيِ دَعْوَى الْآخَرِ فَإِذَا حَلَفَ رَدَّهُ مُدَّعِي
الْهِبَةِ بِزَوَائِدِهِ.
وَلَوْ ادَّعَى صِحَّةَ الْبَيْعِ
وَالْآخَرُ فَسَادَهُ فَالْأَصَحُّ تَصْدِيقُ مُدَّعِي الصِّحَّةِ
بِيَمِينِهِ.
وَلَوْ اشْتَرَى عَبْدًا فَجَاءَ بِعَبْدٍ مَعِيبٍ
لِيَرُدَّهُ فَقَالَ الْبَائِعُ لَيْسَ هَذَا الْمَبِيعُ صُدِّقَ الْبَائِعُ
بِيَمِينِهِ وَفِي مِثْلِهِ فِي السَّلَمِ يُصَدَّقُ الْمُسْلِمُ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ.
CHAPTER VIII.— DISPUTES BETWEEN VENDOR AND
PURCHASER
Where the two contracting
parties are agreed upon the validity
of a
sale ; but not upon its
details, as e.g . the amount or nature
of the price,
stipulation of a time
within which payment should be made,
or the
quantity of the goods sold ;
and if neither party is able to
prove his
case, they should both
take an oath as to the falsehood
of what is alleged
by the adverse
party, and the truth of their own
statements. The
vendor is the first
to be sworn ; though, according to
one jurist, it is
the purchaser ;
and another thinks that they have
an equal right to
the priority.
According to this last authority the
court should decide
according to
circumstances who should have the
priority. And some
authorities maintain
that the priority should be decided
by casting
lots. *A single oath,
combining a denial and an affirmation, is
sufficient
on the part of each, but the
denial must always be pro-
nounced first.
Thus one should say, “ I did not
sell for this sum,
but I sold for
that.”
ffWlien the oath has been
taken by both parties, the contract
is not
considered as being immediately
dissolved. The court should fust
endeavour
to persuade the parties to a
reconciliation. If this is un-
successful,
then each of the parties has a
right to cancel the contract,
or,
if necessary, the court decrees its
dissolution. Some maintain that
cancellation
must always be decreed by the
court. Upon cancellation,
however effected,
the purchaser must return the thing
bought ; or its
value, if he has
already disposed of it either by
conversion into im-
movable property or
by enfranchisement or by sale, just
as if it had been
accidentally
destroyed. *The value of an article
is that it had on the
day it
was lost. In case of accidental
deterioration, but not total loss,
the
purchaser must all the same return
the article to the vendor, and
indemnify
him for the loss in its value.
Disputes
between the heirs of the contracting
parties are regulated
by the same
principles as disputes between the
parties themselves.
If a dispute has
arisen, not about the details, but
about the very
nature of a contract ; as,
for example, when one of the
parties asserts,
“ I sold you the article
for so much,” and the other
replies, “ No, you
gave it me
; no affirmative oath is then
necessary, and each party
need only
swear that he denies his opponent’s
assertion. After this,
the one who
has received the donation must return
the article received,
together with any
increase or profit he may have
derived from it. flf
one of the
parties maintains and the other denies
the legality of a sale,
the presumption
is in favour of the former, if
he confirms his statement
on oath.
If, after a cancellation of a contract
in the manner referred
to, the
purchaser brings to the vendor a slave
with redhibitory defects
as the one
he purchased and the vendor asserts
that it was another that
he sold
and delivered, the law admits a
presumption in favour of this
latter
statement. ^Similarly, in the contract
of salam , it is the creditor
who
enjoys this advantage.
باب [في معاملة الرقيق]
CHAPTER IX.— SLAVES
الْعَبْدُ إنْ لَمْ يُؤْذَنْ لَهُ فِي التِّجَارَةِ لَا يَصِحُّ شِرَاؤُهُ
بِغَيْرِ إذْنِ سَيِّدِهِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَيَسْتَرِدُّهُ الْبَائِعُ سَوَاءٌ
كَانَ فِي يَدِ الْعَبْدِ أَوْ سَيِّدِهِ.
فَإِنْ تَلِفَ فِي
يَدِهِ تَعَلَّقَ الضَّمَانُ بِذِمَّتِهِ، أَوْ فِي يَدِ السَّيِّدِ
فَلِلْبَائِعِ تَضْمِينُهُ، وَلَهُ مُطَالَبَةُ الْعَبْدِ بَعْدَ الْعِتْقِ،
وَاقْتِرَاضُهُ كَشِرَائِهِ.
وَإِنْ أَذِنَ لَهُ فِي التِّجَارَةِ
تَصَرَّفَ بِحَسَبِ الْإِذْنِ، فَإِنْ أَذِنَ فِي نَوْعٍ لَمْ
يَتَجَاوَزْهُ.
وَلَيْسَ لَهُ نِكَاحٌ وَلَا يُؤْجِرُ نَفْسَهُ،
وَلَا يَأْذَنُ لِعَبْدِهِ فِي تِجَارَةٍ، وَلَا يَتَصَدَّقُ وَلَا يُعَامِلُ
سَيِّدَهُ وَلَا يَنْعَزِلُ بِإِبَاقِهِ وَلَا يَصِيرُ مَأْذُونًا لَهُ
بِسُكُوتِ سَيِّدِهِ عَلَى تَصَرُّفِهِ.
وَيُقْبَلُ إقْرَارُهُ
بِدُيُونِ الْمُعَامَلَةِ.
وَمَنْ عَرَفَ رِقَّ عَبْدٍ لَمْ
يُعَامِلْهُ حَتَّى يَعْلَمَ الْإِذْنَ بِسَمَاعِ سَيِّدِهِ أَوْ بَيِّنَةٍ
أَوْ شُيُوعٍ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ وَفِي الشُّيُوعِ وَجْهٌ، وَلَا يَكْفِي قَوْلُ
الْعَبْدِ.
فَإِنْ بَاعَ مَأْذُونٌ لَهُ وَقَبَضَ الثَّمَنَ
فَتَلِفَ فِي يَدِهِ فَخَرَجَتْ السِّلْعَةُ مُسْتَحَقَّةً رَجَعَ الْمُشْتَرِي
بِبَدَلِهَا عَلَى الْعَبْدِ، وَلَهُ مُطَالَبَةُ السَّيِّدِ أَيْضًا، وَقِيلَ
لَا، وَقِيلَ إنْ كَانَ فِي يَدِ الْعَبْدِ وَفَاءٌ فَلَا، وَلَوْ اشْتَرَى
سِلْعَةً فَفِي مُطَالَبَةِ السَّيِّدِ بِثَمَنِهَا هَذَا الْخِلَافُ، وَلَا
يَتَعَلَّقُ دَيْنُ التِّجَارَةِ بِرَقَبَتِهِ، وَلَا بِذِمَّةِ سَيِّدِهِ بَلْ
يُؤَدَّى مِنْ مَالِ التِّجَارَةِ، وَكَذَا مِنْ كَسْبِهِ بِاصْطِيَادِ
وَنَحْوِهِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَا يَمْلِكُ الْعَبْدُ بِتَمْلِيكِ
سَيِّدِهِ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ.
CHAPTER IX.— SLAVES
f A slave who
has not been designated by his
master to carry on com-
mercial
transactions, can buy nothing without
first obtaining his master’s
authorisation.
Consequently a person who has sold
anything to such a
slave without
the necessary authorisation, can claim
back the goods,
not only if they
are in the slave’s possession but
also if the master has
them. If
the goods are accidentally lost while
in possession of the
slave, the
latter is personally responsible for the
payment of the price,
even after
his enfranchisement ; but if they are so
lost while in the
master’s possession,
the vendor can claim payment either
from the
latter, or from the slave
after his enfranchisement. A debt contracted
by a slave is subject to the
same rules as a purchase made by him.
A slave authorised to transact
business in general can enter into any
engagement up to the value of
the things entrusted to him ; but
if the
authorisation extends only to
specified acts, he may not pass
the limits
prescribed. Even a slave
authorised unconditionally may not of his
own initiative conclude a marriage, nor
engage his own services, nor
authorise a
slave of his own, nor give away
for nothing the things
entrusted to
him, nor enter into commercial relations
with his master.
Desertion does not
necessarily cancel an authorisation : for
this the
master’s withdrawal is
required. On the other .hand, a slave
is not
regarded as having been
authorised, merely because his master
has not
objected to his transactions.
The law insists upon a formal declaration
on the part of the master.
An affirmation of an authorised slave,
with
regard to his commercial
undertakings, is admissible in a court
of law.
A person who knows that a
certain individual is a slave should not
enter into commercial relations with
him, until he has ascertained if he
has been duly authorised. This can
be done either by asking the master,
or by requiring the slave to
furnish proof of the position he
claims, or
by learning the matter
from public notoriety. This public notoriety,
however, is a controverted point. In
any case an oral affirmation by
the slave to the effect that
he has been authorised is insufficient.
When an authorised slave has
received the price of an article
he has
sold aiid it is
accidentally lost while in his
possession, the purchaser can,
in case
of a legal seizure of the article,
cite as guarantor either the slave
or his master. Some authorities,
however, maintain the contrary opinion
so far as regards the master ;
others consider that the citation of the
master is inadmissible unless the
slave’s goods have been seized. The
same divergence of opinion exists
upon the subject of the master’s
responsibility for the payment of
the price, in case of seizure of
an object
bought by an authorised
slave. In general the slave himself
cannot be
seized for a debt of a
commercial nature ; nor can payment be
exacted
from the master ; but things
supplied by the latter alone constitute
the
joint security of the creditors,
fas well as profits realised by
the slave in
other ways, as by
hunting, etc. Everything that a slave,
even if autho-
rised, acquires, belongs
ipso facto to his master ; he can
acquire nothing
for himself, even if
his master wished personally to transfer
to him a
right of ownership.[]