Book 19: Joint-stock Companies (Qirad)
Title of book: Minhaj al-Talibin wa Umdat al-Muftin (منهاج الطالبين وعمدة المفتين في الفقه)
Author: Imam Nawawi
Full name: Imam Muhyiddin Abi Zakariyya Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (أبو زكريا يحيى بن شرف بن مُرِّيِّ بن حسن بن حسين بن محمد جمعة بن حِزام الحزامي النووي الشافعي)
Born: Muharram 631 AH/ October 1233 Nawa, Ayyubid Sultanate
Died: 24 Rajab 676 AH [9]/ 21 December 1277 (age 45) Nawa, Mamluk Sultanate
Resting place: Nawa, present Syria
Translated into English by: E. C. HOWARD
Field of study: sharia, Islamic law, fiqh, Islamic jurisprudence of Shafi'i's school of thought
Type of literature dan reference: classical Arabic books
Contents
- Book 19: Joint-stock Companies (Qirad)
- Book 20: Farming Leases (Musaqat)
- Book 21: Contract of Hiring (Ijara)
- Book 22: Occupation of Land, etc (Ihya al-Mawat)
- Return to: Minhaj al-Talibin of Imam Nawawi
كتاب الْقِرَاضِ
BOOK 19 .— JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES (QIRAD)
الْقِرَاضُ وَالْمُضَارَبَةُ أَنْ يَدْفَعَ: إلَيْهِ مَالاً لِيَتَّجِرَ فِيهِ
وَالرِّبْحُ مُشْتَرَكٌ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ لِصِحَّتِهِ كَوْنُ الْمَالِ
دَرَاهِمَ أَوْ دَنَانِيرَ خَالِصَةً، فَلَا يَجُوزُ عَلَى تِبْرٍ وَحُلِيٍّ
مَغْشُوشٍ وَعُرُوضٍ وَمَعْلُومًا مُعَيَّنًا، وَقِيلَ يَجُوزُ عَلَى إحْدَى
الصُّرَّتَيْنِ، وَمُسَلَّمًا إلَى الْعَامِلِ فَلَا يَجُوزُ شَرْطُ كَوْنِ
الْمَالِ فِي يَدِ الْمَالِكِ، وَلَا عَمَلِهِ مَعَهُ، وَيَجُوزُ شَرْطُ عَمَلِ
غُلَامِ الْمَالِكِ مَعَهُ عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ.
وَوَظِيفَةُ
الْعَامِلِ التِّجَارَةُ وَتَوَابِعُهَا كَنَشْرِ الثِّيَابِ وَطَيِّهَا، فَلَوْ
قَارَضَهُ لِيَشْتَرِيَ حِنْطَةً فَيَطْحَنَ وَيَخْبِزَ، أَوْ غَزْلاً يَنْسِجُهُ
وَيَبِيعُهُ فَسَدَ الْقِرَاضُ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَشْرِطَ عَلَيْهِ شِرَاءَ
مَتَاعٍ مُعَيَّنٍ أَوْ نَوْعٍ يَنْدُرُ وُجُودُهُ، أَوْ مُعَامَلَةَ
شَخْصٍ.
وَلَا يُشْتَرَطُ بَيَانُ مُدَّةِ الْقِرَاضِ، فَلَوْ
ذَكَرَ مُدَّةً وَمَنَعَهُ التَّصَرُّفَ بَعْدَهَا فَسَدَ، وَإِنْ مَنَعَهُ
الشِّرَاءَ بَعْدَهَا فَلَا فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ
اخْتِصَاصُهُمَا بِالرِّبْحِ وَاشْتِرَاكُهُمَا فِيهِ، وَلَوْ قَالَ قَارَضْتُك
عَلَى أَنَّ كُلَّ الرِّبْحِ لَك فَقِرَاضٌ فَاسِدٌ، وَقِيلَ قِرَاضٌ صَحِيحٌ
وَإِنْ قَالَ كُلُّهُ لِي فَقِرَاضٌ فَاسِدٌ، وَقِيلَ: إبْضَاعٌ، وَكَوْنُهُ
مَعْلُومًا بِالْجُزْئِيَّةِ فَلَوْ قَالَ: عَلَى أَنَّ لَك فِيهِ شَرِكَةً
أَوْ نَصِيبًا فَسَدَ، أَوْ بَيْنَنَا فَالْأَصَحُّ الصِّحَّةُ، وَيَكُونُ
نِصْفَيْنِ، وَلَوْ قَالَ: لِي النِّصْفُ فَسَدَ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَإِنْ
قَالَ: لَك النِّصْفُ صَحَّ عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ، وَلَوْ شَرَطَ لِأَحَدِهِمَا
عَشَرَةً أَوْ رِبْحَ صِنْفٍ فَسَدَ.
BOOK 19 .— JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES
Section
A joint-stock company is called
kirctd, or Modaraba . It exists between
two persons, one of whom supplies
funds to the other to trade with,
on condition that the former has a
share in the profit. The law requires
that these funds : —
. Consist
in gold or silver coin ; consequently
the company has no
legal existence
where the funds are given in the
form of bullion, or gold
or silver
ornaments, adulterated coin, or goods.
. Are of a known amount and
consist in coins of known value ;
though others maintain that it is
sufficient to indicate the amount,
e.g. “
the contents of one of the two
purses.”
. Are remitted to the
managing partner ; for the money may not
be left in the hands of the
person who furnishes the funds.
It
may not be stipulated that the
sleeping partner should take part
in
the management, ffthough his slave may
be employed in the affairs
of the
company. The powers of the responsible
partner are limited
to trading and
what depends on it, such as exposing
for sale, and placing
the stuffs in
their covers or rolls. Thus when one
forms a joint-stock
company with some one
in order that he may buy wheat
and sell it
after grinding and
baking into bread, or when one
instructs him to buy
cotton thread
and sell it after weaving, the
company is ipsofacio invalid.
^Neither can
one instruct the managing partner to
buy certain specified
goods, nor such
as are of a rare kind, nor to
trade with only one specified
individual.
It is not necessary to
stipulate any period of duration for
the company;
and if it is stipulated
that after a certain time the responsible
partner
cannot dispose further of the
funds, this stipulation will even involve
the illegality of the contract.
There is, however, no objection to
instructing him to abstain from
certain specified proceedings, e.g. to
buy
after a certain lapse of time.
Both
partners, sleeping and managing, share in
the profits to the
exclusion of all
others. Consequently the words, “ I form a
joint-stock
company with you, and all
that you gain will be yours,” do
not con-
stitute a legal association ; though
others maintain its validity. It is
the same if the words used are
“ all the profit shall be mine ; " though,
according to others, this constitutes a
commission agency. Besides
this the share
of each partner in the profits must
be mentioned in their
respective
proportion. Thus one cannot associate with
some one by
stipulating, “ You will
have a part of the profits," or “a
part in the
profits," without indicating
what part ; fbut one can do so by
pro-
viding that “ the gain shall be
common to both of us," and then each
partner can claim half, ff Although
it is admitted to be a legal contract
when the person who provides the
funds says to the manager, “ Half
the gain will be yours," fif
ho says, “ Half the gain shall be
mine," and
nothing more, the association
is invalid. And this would also be
the
case if it were stipulated that
one of the partners should have ten
pieces
of money from the profits, or
should take all the profits of a certain
nature.
فَصْلٌ [في بيان الصيغة وما يشترط في العاقدين]
يُشْتَرَطُ
إيجَابٌ وَقَبُولٌ.
وَقِيلَ يَكْفِي الْقَبُولُ بِالْفِعْلِ.
وَشَرْطُهُمَا
كَوَكِيلٍ وَمُوَكِّلٍ وَلَوْ قَارَضَ الْعَامِلُ آخَرَ بِإِذْنِ الْمَالِكِ
لِيُشَارِكَهُ فِي الْعَمَلِ وَالرِّبْحِ لَمْ يَجُزْ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَبِغَيْرِ
إذْنِهِ فَاسِدٌ، فَإِنْ تَصَرَّفَ الثَّانِي فَتَصَرُّفُ غَاصِبٍ، فَإِنْ
اشْتَرَى فِي الذِّمَّةِ وَقُلْنَا بِالْجَدِيدِ فَالرِّبْحُ لِلْعَامِلِ
الْأَوَّلِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَعَلَيْهِ لِلثَّانِي أُجْرَتُهُ، وَقِيلَ هُوَ
لِلثَّانِي وَإِنْ اشْتَرَى بِعَيْنِ مَالِ الْقِرَاضِ فَبَاطِلٌ وَيَجُوزُ أَنْ
يُقَارِضَ الْوَاحِدُ اثْنَيْنِ مُتَفَاضِلاً وَمُتَسَاوِيًا، وَالِاثْنَانِ
وَاحِدًا وَالرِّبْحُ بَعْدَ نَصِيبِ الْعَامِلِ بَيْنَهُمَا بِحَسَبِ الْمَالِ،
وَإِذَا فَسَدَ الْقِرَاضُ نَفَذَ تَصَرُّفُ الْعَامِلِ وَالرِّبْحُ لِلْمَالِكِ،
وَعَلَيْهِ لِلْعَامِلِ أُجْرَةُ مِثْلِ عَمَلِهِ إلَّا إذَا قَالَ: قَارَضْتُك
وَجَمِيعُ الرِّبْحِ لِي فَلَا شَيْءَ لَهُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَيَتَصَرَّفُ
الْعَامِلُ مُحْتَاطًا لَا بِغَبْنٍ وَلَا نَسِيئَةٍ بِلَا إذْنٍ.
وَلَهُ
الْبَيْعُ بِعَرْضٍ، وَلَهُ الرَّدُّ بِعَيْبٍ تَقْتَضِيهِ مَصْلَحَةٌ، فَإِنْ
اقْتَضَتْ الْإِمْسَاكَ فَلَا فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَلِلْمَالِكِ الرَّدُّ، فَإِنْ
اخْتَلَفَا عُمِلَ بِالْمَصْلَحَةِ، وَلَا يُعَامِلُ الْمَالِكَ.
وَلَا
يَشْتَرِي لِلْقِرَاضِ بِأَكْثَرَ مِنْ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ، وَلَا مَنْ يَعْتِقُ
عَلَى الْمَالِكِ بِغَيْرِ إذْنِهِ، وَكَذَا زَوْجُهُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَوْ
فَعَلَ لَمْ يَقَعْ لِلْمَالِكِ وَيَقَعُ لِلْعَامِلِ إنْ اشْتَرَى فِي
الذِّمَّةِ، وَلَا يُسَافِرُ بِالْمَالِ بِلَا إذْنٍ، وَلَا يُنْفِقُ مِنْهُ
عَلَى نَفْسِهِ حَضَرًا، وَكَذَا سَفَرًا فِي الْأَظْهَرِ، وَعَلَيْهِ فِعْلُ مَا
يُعْتَادُ كَطَيِّ الثَّوْبِ وَوَزْنِ الْخَفِيفِ كَذَهَبٍ وَمِسْكٍ لَا
الْأَمْتِعَةِ الثَّقِيلَةِ، وَنَحْوِهِ، وَمَا لَا يَلْزَمُهُ لَهُ
الِاسْتِئْجَارُ عَلَيْهِ، وَالْأَظْهَرُ أَنَّ الْعَامِلَ يَمْلِكُ حِصَّتَهُ
مِنْ الرِّبْحِ بِالْقِسْمَةِ لَا بِالظُّهُورِ، وَثِمَارُ الشَّجَرِ
وَالنِّتَاجُ وَكَسْبُ الرَّقِيقِ وَالْمَهْرُ الْحَاصِلَةُ مِنْ مَالِ
الْقِرَاضِ يَفُوزُ بِهَا الْمَالِكُ، وَقِيلَ مَالُ قِرَاضٍ.
وَالنَّقْصُ
الْحَاصِلُ بِالرُّخْصِ مَحْسُوبٌ مِنْ الرِّبْحِ مَا أَمْكَنَ وَمَجْبُورٌ بِهِ،
وَكَذَا لَوْ تَلِفَ بَعْضُهُ بِآفَةٍ أَوْ غَصْبٍ أَوْ سَرِقَةٍ بَعْدَ
تَصَرُّفِ الْعَامِلِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ وَإِنْ تَلِفَ قَبْلَ تَصَرُّفِهِ فَمِنْ
رَأْسِ الْمَالِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
Section
For the contract to
be valid there should be an offer
by one of the
parties and acceptance
by the other ; though, according to
some autho-
rities, acceptance need not be
formally announced, provided it exists
in
fact.
The relations between the
managing partner and the sleeping partner
are the same as those between
agent and principal. fA managing
partner
cannot in his turn form a joint-stock
company with a third
person, participating
both in the management and in the
profits, even
if the original provider
of the funds authorises it. Without
his autho-
risation such secondary association
is considered wholly illegal, i.e. any
dispositions the third person may
make are considered to be those of
a
usurper ; fand this principle is carried
still further, for if the second
managing partner buys on credit for
the company, any profit that may
result from this purchase goes
entirely to the original manager, who
owes nothing to the second except
remuneration for his services, if
there
is occasion for this. It is,
however, well known, that, according
to
the opinion of Shafii in his second
period, a usurper who has effected
a
similar sale can keep the profit for
himself. Only a few authorities
maintain
that in these circumstances the profit
belongs also to the
second managing
partner who has obtained it. A purchase
effected
by the second managing partner,
not on credit, but for cash, or
for some
specified thing belonging to
the company, is absolutely null and void.
There is, however, no objection to
one person associating himself with
two
others by furnishing them with funds,
either of the same or of
different
amounts ; and similarly two persons
supplying funds may
associate themselves
with a single managing partner. In the
latter
case the profits are shared
between them in proportion to their
capital,
after deducting the share of
the managing partner. In all cases where
a joint-stock company is illegal,
dispositions made in good faith by the
managing partner remain intact ; but the
profit is for the person who
supplied the funds, who owes the
manager reasonable remuneration
for his
trouble, fit is only in a case where
the contract is invalid
owing to the
sleeping partner reserving all the profit
for himself, that
the manager can
claim nothing.
The managing partner
should administer the society’s affairs like
the good father of a family ; he
is responsible if he allows himself
to be
caught by any obvious fraud.
He is forbidden to sell on credit
without
the sleeping partner’s authorisation,
but he can alienate by exchange,
and
cancel a bargain on account of redhibitory
defects, or keep a thing
bought in
spite of its redhibitory defects, as
circumstances require.
Eedhibition is a right
of the person who supplies the funds
just as much
as of the manager,
and where the two are not agreed
about the redhibi-
tion of a thing bought,
that course should be adopted which
offers the
greater advantage. The managing
partner can never in any case, on
account of the company, enter into
commercial relations with the person
who
provides the funds. He must not
purchase goods to a larger
amount than
the capital of the company ; nor
must he buy a slave
whose enfranchisement
would be obligatory for the sleeping
partner,
except with his consent. fThis
rule applies also to the purchase of
a
slave married to the latter. In
all cases where the managing partner
effects a forbidden purchase, the person
supplying the funds is not bound
by
it ; but the managing partner is
personally responsible if it was on
credit. The managing partner cannot
take the capital of the company
with
him on a journey without the authorisation
of the sleeping partner,
nor can he
use it for his personal expenses
whether at home *or on a
journey.
He must act in conformity with
custom, e.g. he should place
in
covers or rolls the stuffs in his
shop ; he should at once personally
ascertain the weight of precious or
light articles, such as gold or musk,
but this is not necessary with
heavy or voluminous merchandise.
A
managing partner may credit himself with
the salary of employees,
for any
work he is not obliged to do
himself as managing partner. *His
share
of the profits becomes his property
only upon division, not upon
his
merely drawing up a balance sheet. Fruit,
the young of animals,
profit realised
from slave labour, and the dower of
a female slave given
in marriage, belong
to the person who supplies the funds
; though
others consider them as forming
part of the profits of the company.
Losses caused by a fall in price
are deducted from the profits if possible,
and should be compensated for in
the same way. fThis principle should
be followed also in the case
of a loss of part of the capital,
whether by accident, usurpation or
theft ; fall on condition that
the
loss is incurred after the managing
partner’s administration
has begun, for
any previous loss constitute a diminution
of the
capital supplied.
فصل [في بيان أن القراض جائز من الطرفين وحكم اختلاف العاقدين]
لِكُلٍّ
فَسْخُهُ، وَلَوْ مَاتَ أَحَدُهُمَا أَوْ جُنَّ أَوْ أُغْمِيَ عَلَيْهِ
انْفَسَخَ.
وَيَلْزَمُ الْعَامِلَ الِاسْتِيفَاءُ إذَا فَسَخَ
أَحَدُهُمَا، وَتَنْضِيضُ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ إنْ كَانَ عَرْضًا، وَقِيلَ لَا
يَلْزَمُهُ التَّنْضِيضُ إذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ رِبْحٌ.
وَلَوْ
اسْتَرَدَّ الْمَالِكُ بَعْضَهُ قَبْلَ ظُهُورِ رِبْحٍ وَخُسْرَانٍ رَجَعَ رَأْسُ
الْمَالِ إلَى الْبَاقِي، وَإِنْ اسْتَرَدَّ بَعْدَ الرِّبْحِ فَالْمُسْتَرَدُّ
شَائِعٌ رِبْحًا، وَرَأْسَ مَالٍ مِثَالُهُ رَأْسُ الْمَالِ مِائَةٌ وَالرِّبْحُ
عِشْرُونَ وَاسْتَرَدَّ عِشْرِينَ فَالرِّبْحُ سُدُسُ الْمَالِ فَيَكُونُ
الْمُسْتَرَدُّ سُدُسَهُ مِنْ الرِّبْحِ فَيَسْتَقِرُّ لِلْعَامِلِ الْمَشْرُوطُ
مِنْهُ وَبَاقِيهِ مِنْ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ.
وَإِنْ اسْتَرَدَّ بَعْدَ
الْخُسْرَانِ فَالْخُسْرَانُ مُوَزَّعٌ عَلَى الْمُسْتَرَدِّ وَالْبَاقِي فَلَا
يَلْزَمُ جَبْرُ حِصَّةِ الْمُسْتَرَدِّ لَوْ رَبِحَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، مِثَالُهُ
الْمَالُ مِائَةٌ وَالْخُسْرَانُ عِشْرُونَ ثُمَّ اسْتَرَدَّ عِشْرِينَ فَرُبْعُ
الْعِشْرِينَ حِصَّةُ الْمُسْتَرَدِّ، وَيَعُودُ رَأْسُ الْمَالِ إلَى خَمْسَةٍ
وَسَبْعِينَ، وَيُصَدَّقُ الْعَامِلُ بِيَمِينِهِ فِي قَوْلِهِ لَمْ أَرْبَحْ،
أَوْ لَمْ أَرْبَحْ إلَّا كَذَا، أَوْ اشْتَرَيْت هَذَا لِلْقِرَاضِ أَوْ لِي،
أَوْ لَمْ تَنْهَنِي عَنْ شِرَاءِ كَذَا، وَفِي قَدْرِ رَأْسِ الْمَالِ،
وَدَعْوَى التَّلَفِ، وَكَذَا دَعْوَى الرَّدِّ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَوْ
اخْتَلَفَا فِي الْمَشْرُوطِ لَهُ تَحَالَفَا، وَلَهُ أُجْرَةُ الْمِثْلِ.
Section
Each partner has a
right to withdraw from the company,
which is
terminated ipso jacto by
the death or madness or even by
the uncon-
sciousness of one of the
partners. After the dissolution of the
company,
on the wish of one of
the parties, it is the managing
partners’ duty to
proceed to the
payment of the debts and the
realisation of the capital,
at least
if it consists of merchandise. Only a
small number of jurists
maintain that
realisation is not obligatory, at least
if no profit is expected
from it.
If the sleeping partner withdraws a
part of the money before a profit
and loss account has been drawn
up, this fact constitutes a diminution
of
the total capital of the company ;
if after then it is a diminution both
of the capital and of the
profits. Where, for example, the capital
is a
hundred pieces of money, and
the profit twenty, and the sleeping
partner wishes to withdraw twenty
more, a sixth of the sum claimed
must be taken from the profits,
all without prejudice to the share in
the profits stipulated for by the
managing partner. The remaining
five-sixths
are taken from the capital. If the
sleeping partner wishes
to withdraw a part
of the capital of the company, and
it appears that
the company has
incurred a loss, the loss must be
shared both on the
sum claimed and
on the rest of the company’s capital ;
but under
these circumstances any profits
which may subsequently be realised do
not render it necessary to
compensate the sleeping partner for the
proportional diminution of the sum
he wished to withdraw. Where,
for
example the capital of the company
is one hundred pieces of
money and
the loss twenty and the sleeping
partner expresses a
desire to withdraw
twenty more, this sum is diminished
to a quarter,
that is to five, and
the capital of the company is thus
reduced to
seventy-five.
The declaration
of the managing partner, confirmed on
oath, is
presumed to be true, when
it relates to : —
. The
absence of any profit, or the* total
of the profit.
. His purchase
of a thing for the company, or on
his own account.
. The absence
of any prohibition by the sleeping
partner to effect
a particular bargain.
. Thu total amount of tlio
funds supplied.
. The loss of
any articlo belonging to tho company.
. fTho restitution of the sums
or articles of value supplied.
In
case of dispute as to the share
in profits stipulated for by the
managing partner, both parties should
take an oath, and the court
then
awards the managing partner a reasonable
remuneration for his
trouble.
كتاب الْمُسَاقَاةِ
BOOK 20 .— FARMING LEASES (MUSAQAT)
تَصِحُّ مِنْ جَائِزِ التَّصَرُّفِ، وَلِصَبِيٍّ وَمَجْنُونٍ
بِالْوِلَايَةِ.
وَمَوْرِدُهَا النَّخْلُ وَالْعِنَبُ، وَجَوَّزَهَا
الْقَدِيمُ فِي سَائِرِ الْأَشْجَارِ الْمُثْمِرَةِ.
وَلَا تَصِحُّ
الْمُخَابَرَةُ وَهِيَ عَمَلُ الْأَرْضِ بِبَعْضِ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا
وَالْبَذْرُ مِنْ الْعَامِلِ، وَلَا الْمُزَارَعَةُ، وَهِيَ: هَذِهِ
الْمُعَامَلَةُ، وَالْبَذْرَ مِنْ الْمَالِكِ.
فَلَوْ كَانَ بَيْنَ
النَّخْلِ بَيَاضٌ صَحَّتْ الْمُزَارَعَةُ عَلَيْهِ مَعَ الْمُسَاقَاةِ عَلَى
النَّخْلِ بِشَرْطِ اتِّحَادِ الْعَامِلِ وَعُسْرِ إفْرَادِ النَّخْلِ
بِالسَّقْيِ، وَالْبَيَاضِ بِالْعِمَارَةِ، وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ يُشْتَرَطُ أَنْ
لَا يُفْصَلَ بَيْنَهُمَا وَأَنْ لَا يُقَدِّمَ الْمُزَارَعَةَ، وَأَنَّ كَثِيرَ
الْبَيَاضِ كَقَلِيلِهِ، وَأَنَّهُ لَا يُشْتَرَطُ تَسَاوِي الْجُزْءِ
الْمَشْرُوطِ مِنْ الثَّمَرِ وَالزَّرْعِ، وَأَنَّهُ لَا يَجُوزُ أَنْ يُخَابَرَ
تَبَعًا لِلْمُسَاقَاةِ.
فَإِنْ أُفْرِدَتْ أَرْضٌ بِالْمُزَارَعَةِ
فَالْمُغَلُّ لِلْمَالِكِ، وَعَلَيْهِ لِلْعَامِلِ أُجْرَةُ عَمَلِهِ
وَدَوَابِّهِ وَآلَاتِهِ.
وَطَرِيقُ جَعْلِ الْغَلَّةِ لَهُمَا،
وَلَا أُجْرَةَ أَنْ يَسْتَأْجِرَهُ بِنِصْفِ الْبَذْرِ لِيَزْرَعَ لَهُ
النِّصْفَ الْآخَرَ وَيُعِيرَهُ نِصْفَ الْأَرْضِ أَوْ يَسْتَأْجِرَهُ بِنِصْفِ
الْبَذْرِ وَنِصْفِ مَنْفَعَةِ الْأَرْضِ لِيَزْرَعَ النِّصْفَ الْآخَرَ فِي
النِّصْفِ الْآخَرِ مِنْ الْأَرْضِ.
BOOK 20 .— FARMING LEASES
Section
A
farming lease ( mosalca ) is lawful only
if concluded by a person
enjoying a right
to dispose of his property ; consequently
a minor or a
lunatic is incapable of
effecting it except through his guardian
or curator.
Plantations of palms or
vines are alone subject to this contract ;
though
Shafii in his first period
admitted similar leases with regard to
all kinds
of fruit trees. Besides
this a farming lease cannot be effected
on con-
dition that the cultivator shall
plough the field and share the produce
with the owner, whether the seed
is provided by the one or the other.
Such leases are called respectively
mokliabara and mozaraa. But if
between
the palms there are bits of
uncultivated land, a contract of
mosaka
may be combined with one of mozaraa ,
provided it is the same
cultivator
in each case, and that it would
be difficult to proceed separately
to
the watering of the palms and to
the ploughing of the intermediate
portions
of uncultivated land, fin the case
of such a combination
the law insists
that the two contracts must be
considered as forming
one only, without
the mozaraa predominating ; but with that
exception
it matters little whether there
is much uncultivated land between the
trees or only a small portion. fNor
is it necessary that the fruit should
be shared between cultivator and
proprietor in the same proportion
as
in a division of the harvest. fA
contract of nokhabara , one, i.e .
by
virtue of which the cultivator gives
the seed, is never lawful, even as
an accessory to a contract of mosaka.
Where, in defiance of the law,
a contract of mokhabara is effected by
itself, all the produce of the
field belongs to the owner, who owes
the
cultivator nothing but a remuneration
for his labour, and for the animals
and implements used in ploughing. If
necessary, however, both
cultivator and
proprietor may be made to share in
the profits of the
crop, without its
being requisite for tho latter to
remunerate the former
when recourse is
had to one of the following ways
of eluding the law : —
. The
cultivator has hired his services to
the proprietor for half
the seed,
under condition of sowing the other
half to the profit of the
owner
who on his part lends him half
the field.
. The cultivator lends
his services to the proprietor for
half of both
the seed and the
field, under condition of sowing the
other half of the
field with the
rest of the seed.
فصل [فيما يشترط في عقد المساقاة]
يُشْتَرَطُ تَخْصِيصُ الثَّمَرِ
بِهِمَا وَاشْتِرَاكُهُمَا فِيهِ، وَالْعِلْمُ بِالنَّصِيبَيْنِ بِالْجُزْئِيَّةِ
كَالْقِرَاضِ، وَالْأَظْهَرُ صِحَّةُ الْمُسَاقَاةِ بَعْدَ ظُهُورِ الثَّمَرِ
لَكِنْ قَبْلَ بُدُوِّ الصَّلَاحِ.
وَلَوْ سَاقَاهُ عَلَى وَدِيِّ
الْمُسَاقَاةِ لِيَغْرِسَهُ وَيَكُونَ الشَّجَرُ لَهُمَا لَمْ يَجُزْ، وَلَوْ
كَانَ مَغْرُوسًا وَشَرَطَ لَهُ جُزْءًا مِنْ الثَّمَرِ عَلَى الْعَمَلِ - فَإِنْ
قُدِّرَ لَهُ مُدَّةٌ يُثْمِرُ فِيهَا غَالِبًا صَحَّ، وَإِلَّا فَلَا،
وَقِيلَ: إنْ تَعَارَضَ الِاحْتِمَالَانِ صَحَّ.
وَلَهُ
مُسَاقَاةُ شَرِيكِهِ فِي الشَّجَرِ إذَا شَرَطَ لَهُ زِيَادَةً عَلَى
حِصَّتِهِ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ أَنْ لَا يَشْرِطَ عَلَى الْعَامِلِ مَا
لَيْسَ مِنْ جِنْسِ أَعْمَالِهَا.
وَأَنْ يَنْفَرِدَ بِالْعَمَلِ
وَبِالْيَدِ فِي الْحَدِيقَةِ، وَمَعْرِفَةُ الْعَمَلِ بِتَقْدِيرِ الْمُدَّةِ
كَسَنَةٍ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ التَّوْقِيتُ بِإِدْرَاكِ الثَّمَرِ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ وَصِيغَتُهَا: سَاقَيْتُك عَلَى هَذَا النَّخْلِ بِكَذَا أَوْ
سَلَّمْته إلَيْك لِتَتَعَهَّدَهُ، وَيُشْتَرَطُ الْقَبُولُ دُونَ تَفْصِيلِ
الْأَعْمَالِ، وَيُحْمَلُ الْمُطْلَقُ فِي كُلِّ نَاحِيَةٍ عَلَى الْعُرْفِ
الْغَالِبِ.
وَعَلَى الْعَامِلِ مَا يُحْتَاجُ إلَيْهِ لِصَلَاحِ
الثَّمَرِ وَاسْتِزَادَتِهِ مِمَّا يَتَكَرَّرُ كُلَّ سَنَةٍ كَسَقْيٍ
وَتَنْقِيَةِ نَهْرٍ وَإِصْلَاحِ الْأَجَاجِينِ الَّتِي يَثْبُتُ فِيهَا الْمَاءُ
وَتَلْقِيحٍ وَتَنْحِيَةِ حَشِيشٍ وَقُضْبَانٍ مُضِرَّةٍ، وَتَعْرِيشٍ جَرَتْ
بِهِ عَادَةٌ وَكَذَا حِفْظُ الثَّمَرِ وَجِذَاذُهُ وَتَجْفِيفُهُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ
وَمَا قُصِدَ بِهِ حِفْظُ الْأَصْلِ، وَلَا يَتَكَرَّرُ كُلَّ سَنَةٍ كَبِنَاءِ
الْحِيطَانِ وَحَفْرِ نَهْرٍ جَدِيدٍ فَعَلَى الْمَالِكِ.
وَالْمُسَاقَاةُ
لَازِمَةٌ.
فَلَوْ هَرَبَ الْعَامِلُ قَبْلَ الْفَرَاغِ وَأَتَمَّهُ
الْمَالِكُ مُتَبَرِّعًا بَقِيَ اسْتِحْقَاقُ الْعَامِلِ، وَإِلَّا اسْتَأْجَرَ
الْحَاكِمُ عَلَيْهِ مَنْ يُتِمُّهُ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَقْدِرْ عَلَى الْحَاكِمِ
فَلْيُشْهِدْ عَلَى الْإِنْفَاقِ إنْ أَرَادَ الرُّجُوعَ.
وَلَوْ
مَاتَ وَخَلَّفَ تَرِكَةً أَتَمَّ الْوَارِثُ الْعَمَلَ مِنْهَا، وَلَهُ أَنْ
يُتِمَّ الْعَمَلَ بِنَفْسِهِ أَوْ بِمَالِهِ.
وَلَوْ ثَبَتَ
خِيَانَةُ عَامِلٍ ضُمَّ إلَيْهِ مُشْرِفٌ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَتَحَفَّظْ بِهِ
اُسْتُؤْجِرَ مِنْ مَالِ الْعَامِلِ.
وَلَوْ خَرَجَ الثَّمَرُ
مُسْتَحَقًّا فَلِلْعَامِلِ عَلَى الْمُسَاقِي أُجْرَةُ الْمِثْلِ.
Section
It is necessary that
the fruit of the trees should become
the exclusive
and common property of
the proprietor and the cultivator, and
that the
share of each should be
proportionally determined as in a joint-stock
company. Moreover, a contract of ?nosaka
can be legally effected,
*even after
the appearance of the fruit, provided
it is before the first
signs of
maturity, but the cultivator may not
be given palm shoots
for planting on
condition that the trees become the
common property
of himself and of
the owner. It is only after the
shoots are already
planted in the
soil that the cultivator may be
promised a share of the
future fruit
as a remuneration for his labour upon
the trees, if at least
a period of
time has been stipulated equal to
that in which the trees
planted
usually bear fruit. When on the
contrary the time stipulated
is shorter
than this the whole transaction is illegal
; though some
authorities maintain its
validity even then, provided the time
is not so
very short as to
render it wholly impossible that the
fruit can be gathered
before the end
of it. One of the joint owners
of a plantation can under-
take to look
after the trees of the whole of
it by himself, provided that
he
reserves to himself a certain quantity of
the fruit, exceeding the
portion that
is his by right.
The law
requires also : —
. That the
cultivator shall not take upon himself
obligations of
any kind not relating
to the cultivation.
. That the
cultivator alone does the work, and
occupies the garden
or the orchard.
. That the length of
continuance of the labour is known.
It may
be stipulated, for example,
that the contract shall expire after a
year’s
time, or that it shall last
longer. fBut the length cannot be lawfully
determined by the words : “ until
the fruit comes to maturity.”
The
words by which the contract may
properly be expressed are :
“ I give
you charge to water these palm-trees
for so much,” or “ I cede
you my
plantation to be taken care of.” The
cultivator must then
manifest his consent,
without its being necessary to announce
in detail
in what the work is
to consist.
In default of special
agreement to the contrary, the contract
relates
to everything that is usually
comprised in it ; i.e , the cultivator must
not only do all that is
necessary to enable the fruit to
ripen, but must
also undertake all
the work that has to be repeated
each year, such as
watering, cleaning
the channels for the water, upkeep
of the little
reservoirs at the foot
of the trees, fertilisation of the
flowers, weeding,
removal of dead branches
hurtful to the development of the trees,
construction of trellises for the
vines, according to usage. fHe must
also protect and shelter the fruit,
and also pluck and dry it. On the
other hand, everything that is
required in order to preserve the trees
themselves, and all work that is
not repeated each year, like the con-
struction of walls and new water
channels, is the duty of the owner.
Neither party can withdraw from a
contract of mosaka ; consequently
the
cultivator who runs away before the
expiry of the contract remains
none
the less liable for damage to the
owner, even though the latter
voluntarily
undertakes to look after the garden.
The court should engage
another person
at the cultivator’s expense, to take
care of the planta-
tion, if the
owner is not disposed to undertake
it personally ; and if the
owner is
unable to take the matter before the
court, he can engage a
workman of
his own initiative. By doing so,
however, he loses his right
of
proceeding against the absent cultivator,
unless he has the cost of
cultivation established by witnesses. If
the cultivator dies the contract
becomes
part of the estate, and his heirs
should continue it ; but they
have
the choice either to cultivate the
plantation in person, or to employ
workmen to do so. If it is
established that the cultivator has committed
some fraudulent action, the owner
may appoint an overseer ; and if
this is insufficient, may engage
another person to complete the work at
the cultivator’s expense. Finally, in
case of a judicial seizure of tho
fruit, the cultivator can always
insist that the owner shall pay him
a
reasonable salary.
كتاب الْإِجَارَةِ
BOOK 21.— CONTRACT OF HIRING (IJARAH)
شَرْطُهُمَا كَبَائِعٍ وَمُشْتَرٍ.
وَالصِّيغَةُ آجَرْتُك هَذَا
أَوْ أَكْرَيْتُكَ أَوْ مَلَّكْتُك مَنَافِعَهُ سَنَةً بِكَذَا فَيَقُولُ:
قَبِلْت أَوْ اسْتَأْجَرْت أَوْ اكْتَرَيْت، وَالْأَصَحُّ انْعِقَادُهَا
بِقَوْلِهِ: آجَرْتُك مَنْفَعَتَهَا، وَمَنْعُهَا بِقَوْلِهِ: بِعْتُك
مَنْفَعَتَهَا.
وَهِيَ قِسْمَانِ: وَارِدَةٌ عَلَى عَيْنٍ
كَإِجَارَةِ الْعَقَارِ وَدَابَّةٍ أَوْ شَخْصٍ مُعَيَّنَيْنِ، وَعَلَى
الذِّمَّةِ كَاسْتِئْجَارِ دَابَّةٍ مَوْصُوفَةٍ، وَبِأَنْ يُلْزِمَ ذِمَّتَهُ
خِيَاطَةً أَوْ بِنَاءً.
وَلَوْ قَالَ: اسْتَأْجَرْتُك لِتَعْمَلَ
كَذَا فَإِجَارَةُ عَيْنٍ، وَقِيلَ ذِمَّةٍ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ فِي
إجَارَةِ الذِّمَّةِ تَسْلِيمُ الْأُجْرَةِ فِي الْمَجْلِسِ، وَإِجَارَةُ
الْعَيْنِ لَا يُشْتَرَطُ ذَلِكَ فِيهَا، وَيَجُوزُ فِيهَا التَّعْجِيلُ
وَالتَّأْجِيلُ إنْ كَانَتْ فِي الذِّمَّةِ، وَإِذَا أُطْلِقَتْ تَعَجَّلَتْ،
وَإِنْ كَانَتْ مُعَيَّنَةً مُلِكَتْ فِي الْحَالِ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ
كَوْنُ الْأُجْرَةِ مَعْلُومَةً فَلَا تَصِحُّ بِالْعِمَارَةِ وَالْعَلْفِ وَلَا
لِيَسْلُخَ بِالْجِلْدِ وَيَطْحَنَ بِبَعْضِ الدَّقِيقِ أَوْ بِالنُّخَالَةِ،
وَلَوْ اسْتَأْجَرَهَا لِتُرْضِعَ رَقِيقًا بِبَعْضِهِ فِي الْحَالِ جَازَ عَلَى
الصَّحِيحِ.
وَكَوْنُ الْمَنْفَعَةِ مُتَقَوِّمَةً، فَلَا يَصِحُّ
اسْتِئْجَارُ بَيَّاعٍ عَلَى كَلِمَةٍ لَا تُتْعِبُ وَإِنْ رَوَّجَتْ
السِّلْعَةَ، وَكَذَا دَرَاهِمُ وَدَنَانِيرُ لِلتَّزْيِينِ، وَكَلْبٌ لِلصَّيْدِ
فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَكَوْنُ الْمُؤَجِّرِ قَادِرًا عَلَى
تَسْلِيمِهَا، فَلَا يَصِحُّ اسْتِئْجَارُ آبِقٍ وَمَغْصُوبٍ وَأَعْمَى
لِلْحِفْظِ، وَأَرْضٍ لِلزِّرَاعَةِ لَا مَاءَ لَهَا دَائِمٌ، وَلَا يَكْفِيهَا
الْمَطَرُ الْمُعْتَادُ، وَيَجُوزُ إنْ كَانَ لَهَا مَاءٌ دَائِمٌ، وَكَذَا إنْ
كَفَاهَا الْمَطَرُ الْمُعْتَادُ أَوْ مَاءُ الثُّلُوجِ الْمُجْتَمِعَةِ،
وَالْغَالِبُ حُصُولُهَا فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَالِامْتِنَاعُ الشَّرْعِيُّ
كَالْحِسِّيِّ.
فَلَا يَصِحُّ اسْتِئْجَارٌ لِقَلْعِ سِنٍّ
صَحِيحَةٍ.
وَلَا حَائِضٍ لِخِدْمَةِ مَسْجِدٍ، وَكَذَا مَنْكُوحَةٌ
لِرَضَاعٍ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ بِغَيْرِ إذْنِ الزَّوْجِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَيَجُوزُ
تَأْجِيلُ الْمَنْفَعَةِ فِي إجَارَةِ الذِّمَّةِ كَأَلْزَمْتُ ذِمَّتَك
الْحَمْلَ إلَى مَكَّةَ أَوَّلَ شَهْرِ كَذَا.
وَلَا يَجُوزُ
إجَارَةُ عَيْنٍ لِمَنْفَعَةٍ مُسْتَقْبَلَةٍ، فَلَوْ أَجَّرَ السَّنَةَ
الثَّانِيَةَ لِمُسْتَأْجِرِ الْأُولَى قَبْلَ انْقِضَائِهَا جَازَ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ، وَيَجُوزُ كِرَاءُ الْعُقَبِ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَهُوَ أَنْ يُؤَجِّرَ
دَابَّةً رَجُلاً لِيَرْكَبَهَا بَعْضَ الطَّرِيقِ أَوْ رَجُلَيْنِ لِيَرْكَبَ
هَذَا أَيَّامًا، وَذَا أَيَّامًا وَيُبَيِّنُ الْبَعْضَيْنِ، ثُمَّ
يَقْتَسِمَانِ.
BOOK 21.— CONTRACT OF HIRING
Section
The two contracting parties
are subject to the same conditions
as the
vendor and purchaser. The
contract is formulated by the words, “ I
give you this on hire,” or “ I
make you lessee,” or “ I cede you
the use
of it for a year for
so much ; ” to which the other party
replies, “ I
accept,” “ I take,” or “ I
wish to be the lessee of it.”
fThe contract
may also be expressed
in the words, “ I hire you the use
of it,” but not
by
saying, sell you the use
of it.”
The contract of hiring
is of two kinds. It may either
refer to a
particular thing, such as
the rent of immovable property, or
the hiring
of an animal or slave
specially indicated ; or it may refer
to something
not yet determined, such
as the liking of an animal of
which only the
species is described,
or the hiring of some one’s services
for some work
indicated in a general
manner, for example to sew or to
build. When
one says to a workman, “ I
engage you to make such and such a
thing,”
this hh’ing applies to a specified
object ; though according to the opinion
of some authorities this is a
contract of hiring of the second kind.
Between the two kinds there is
first of all this difference that
the contract
of hh’ing of the second
kind cannot exist unless the rent or
the work-
man’s salary is paid at
once ; while this is not necessary
in a contract
of hh'ing of which the
object is certain and specific. In
the case of the
latter the payment
can be made either in cash at
once or at a fixed date
if such
is the agreement. If nothing has
been agreed upon as to this,
the
payment should always be made at
once, and the ownership of the
sum
given as rent, etc., passes at once
to the tenant or the workman.
In
all cases the law requkes that the
rent or the salary shall be known ;
consequently it cannot consist of a
field or the upkeep of an animal.
One cannot like one’s services to
skin an animal stipulating for its skin
as salary ; nor stipulate for a
right to a part of the flour, as
reward for
grindmg corn ; nor for
the refuse that passes through the
strainer in
sifting grain. ffBut it
is permissible to engage a woman to
give suck
to a child slave, and to
grant her at once a part ownership
in it.
The use to which the
thing liked is put, or the labour,
should be of
a nature of which the
price can be legally fixed. Consequently
one
may take on hire : —
.
The services of a hawker, telling him
ho will not need to the
himself,
provided there is a sale for the goods.
. fGold or silver com, to
be used as ornaments.
. A dog
for hunting.
It is necessary that
the person letting on hiro should be
in a condition
to deliver tho
gratification he engages to supply. From
this it follows : —
. That one
cannot line out a runaway slave ; nor
goods that a third
party has usurped.
. That a blind man cannot hiro
himself out as a watchman.
. That a
field with no means of irrigation
and as a rule insufficiently
watered by
rain cannot be taken for sowing. For
the renting of a
field for sowing
is possible only if it has means
of irrigation, or if there
is
usually sufficient rain to water it,
or if there is fusually an accumu-
lation of snow sufficient to be used
for this purpose.
If a precept of
the law renders the use of an
object impossible, one
should act as
if it wero a physical impossibility. Thus
one may not lend
one’s services to
take out a sound tooth ; a woman
undergoing men-
struation may not bo
engaged as servant in a mosque ; fand a
married
woman may not bo engaged as
nurse, etc., unless she obtains her*
husband’s permission.
A term may be
stipulated for the use of a thing or
tho engagement
of personal services, if
tho object of the contract is not
somo specific
article ; e.g. ono may
say, “ I engago you to take such and
such a thing
to Mecca, on the first
of such month ; ” but it is not
permissible to hiro
some particular thing,
in order to make future use of
it. f There is,
however, no objection
to one’s letting one’s house for a
second year to
tho tenant of the
first year, before its termination ; and
hiring out by
turns is also lawful.
By this last is meant either that
ono hires one’s
mount to some one
to use for a part of the way
only, or that ono lines
it to
two persons to use alternatively on
different days. In these cases
the
respective rights should be clearly
announced hi the contract before
allotment.
فصل [في بقية شروط المنفعة وما تقدر به]
يُشْتَرَطُ كَوْنُ
الْمَنْفَعَةِ مَعْلُومَةً.
ثُمَّ تَارَةً تُقَدَّرُ بِزَمَانٍ
كَدَارٍ سَنَةً، وَتَارَةً بِعَمَلٍ كَدَابَّةٍ إلَى مَكَّةَ وَكَخَيَّاطَةِ ذَا
الثَّوْبِ، فَلَوْ جَمَعَهُمَا فَاسْتَأْجَرَهُ لِيَخِيطَهُ بَيَاضَ النَّهَارِ
لَمْ يَصِحَّ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَيُقَدَّرُ تَعْلِيمُ الْقُرْآنِ
بِمُدَّةٍ، أَوْ تَعْيِينِ سُوَرٍ.
وَفِي الْبِنَاءِ يُبَيِّنُ
الْمَوْضِعَ وَالطُّولَ وَالْعَرْضَ وَالسَّمْكَ وَمَا يُبْنَى بِهِ إنْ قُدِّرَ
بِالْعَمَلِ.
وَإِذَا صَلُحَتْ الْأَرْضُ لِبِنَاءٍ وَزِرَاعَةٍ
وَغِرَاسٍ اُشْتُرِطَ تَعْيِينُ الْمَنْفَعَةِ، وَيَكْفِي تَعْيِينُ الزِّرَاعَةِ
عَنْ ذِكْرِ مَا يُزْرَعُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَلَوْ قَالَ لِتَنْتَفِعَ بِهَا بِمَا
شِئْت صَحَّ وَكَذَا لَوْ قَالَ إنْ شِئْت فَازْرَعْ وَإِنْ شِئْت فَاغْرِسْ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ.
وَيُشْتَرَطُ فِي إجَارَةِ دَابَّةٍ لِرُكُوبٍ
مَعْرِفَةُ الرَّاكِبِ بِمُشَاهَدَةٍ أَوْ وَصْفٍ تَامٍّ، وَقِيلَ لَا يَكْفِي
الْوَصْفُ، وَكَذَا الْحُكْمُ فِيمَا يَرْكَبُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ مَحْمِلٍ وَغَيْرِهِ
إنْ كَانَ لَهُ، وَلَوْ شَرَطَ حَمْلَ الْمَعَالِيقِ مُطْلَقًا فَسَدَ الْعَقْدُ
فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَشْرِطْهُ لَمْ يُسْتَحَقَّ، وَيُشْتَرَطُ فِي
إجَارَةِ الْعَيْنِ تَعْيِينُ الدَّابَّةِ، وَفِي اشْتِرَاطِ رُؤْيَتِهَا
الْخِلَافُ فِي بَيْعِ الْغَائِبِ وَفِي إجَارَةِ الذِّمَّةِ ذِكْرُ الْجِنْسِ
وَالنَّوْعِ وَالذُّكُورَةِ أَوْ الْأُنُوثَةِ، وَيُشْتَرَطُ فِيهِمَا بَيَانُ
قَدْرِ السَّيْرِ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ إلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ بِالطَّرِيقِ مَنَازِلُ
مَضْبُوطَةٌ فَيَنْزِلُ عَلَيْهَا.
وَيَجِبُ فِي الْإِيجَارِ
لِلْحَمْلِ أَنْ يَعْرِفَ الْمَحْمُولَ، فَإِنْ حَضَرَ رَآهُ وَامْتَحَنَهُ
بِيَدِهِ إنْ كَانَ فِي ظَرْفٍ، وَإِنْ غَابَ قُدِّرَ بِكَيْلٍ أَوْ وَزْنٍ،
وَجِنْسُهُ لَا جِنْسَ الدَّابَّةِ، وَصِفَتَهَا إنْ كَانَتْ إجَارَةَ ذِمَّةٍ
إلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ الْمَحْمُولُ زُجَاجًا وَنَحْوَهُ.
Section
It is also necessary
that tho use should be known, and
that its dura-
tion should be limited
to a particular period, such as the
rent of a house
for a year ; or that
the duration should be limited by
the naturo of what
is stipulated,
such as the lining of a mount for
the journey to Mecca,
or hiring out
one’s services to make a coat of
such and such a piece of
cloth, fin
such cases, however, the duration and
nature of the agree-
ment may not
both be indicated ; thus one cannot
engage a tailor
“ for a whole day to
make a coat of such and such piece
of cloth.” If
one hires out one’s
services to teach the Koran, it is
necessary to deter-
mine the length of
the lessons or to specify the
chapters that are to be
taught ; while
in the case of a building the site,
length, breadth, height,
and materials
must be indicated, if the agreement
is to be determined
by the nature
of the work. A piece of land
naturally adapted either
for building on
or for cultivation cannot be rented
without specifying
the particular use that
is to be made of it ; though it
is sufficient to
stipulate, e.g. that
it is to be sown fwithout giving
any fuller details
as to the manner
of cultivation. One may even say in
general, “ You
can use it as you
like,” for “ You can sow it, or
plant trees on it, as you
like.”
When an animal is hired as a
mount, the rider must be indicated,
either by presenting him to the
owner ; or by pointing him out so
that
there can remain no uncertainty
as to his identity, but this latter
method
is disapproved by some authorities.
It is the same as regards the manner
in which the animal is to be
ridden, i.e . it must be mentioned if a
litter
or any other burden is to
be placed upon it. fConsequently a contract
must be considered illegal which
stipulates only that the animal shall
carry “ what is placed upon it ”
without specifying what. If nothing
is
agreed to upon the subject, nothing
can be loaded upon the animal.
If
the contract refers to some particular
animal, that animal must be
specified.
As to whether it must have been
seen there is the same
controversy
as upon the subject of the validity
of the sale of an object
which
is not there. Where, on the other
hand, it is not a particular
animal
that is hired, but only one of a
certain species, without regard
to the
individual, it is enough to mention
the nature and species, and
indicate
whether it is male or female. In
both cases, however, the
daily journey
should be stipulated ; unless there are
fixed stations on
the road, when the
animal must be rested at those
stations, even if no
stipulation has
been made upon the matter. *When a
beast of burden
is hired, it is
absolutely necessary in all cases that
the two parties should
know what it
is to carry. Thus, if the goods
are on the spot, they must
be
inspected, and raised with the hand
if they are in packages ; and if
they are things to be found
elsewhere, measure, weight, and quality
should be mentioned. But it is
not necessary to know the nature of
a beast of burden, nor its
qualities, when no particular animal is
in view
except in the case of
transport of glass or other fragile
articles that
require extraordinary precautions.
فصل [في منافع يمتنع الاستئجار لها ومنافع يخفى الجواز فيها وما يعتبر
فيها]
لَا تَصِحُّ إجَارَةُ مُسْلِمٍ لِجِهَادٍ وَلَا عِبَادَةٍ
تَجِبُ لَهَا نِيَّةٌ، إلَّا حَجٌّ وَتَفْرِقَةُ زَكَاةٍ، وَتَصِحُّ لِتَجْهِيزِ
مَيِّتٍ وَدَفْنِهِ، وَتَعْلِيمِ الْقُرْآنِ.
وَلِحَضَانَةٍ
وَإِرْضَاعٍ مَعًا، وَلِأَحَدِهِمَا فَقَطْ، وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ لَا
يَسْتَتْبِعُ أَحَدُهُمَا الْآخَرَ، وَالْحَضَانَةُ حِفْظُ صَبِيٍّ وَتَعَهُّدُهُ
بِغَسْلِ رَأْسِهِ وَبَدَنِهِ وَثِيَابِهِ وَدَهْنِهِ وَكَحْلِهِ وَرَبْطِهِ فِي
الْمَهْدِ وَتَحْرِيكِهِ لِيَنَامَ وَنَحْوِهَا، وَلَوْ اسْتَأْجَرَ لَهُمَا
فَانْقَطَعَ اللَّبَنُ فَالْمَذْهَبُ انْفِسَاخُ الْعَقْدِ فِي الْإِرْضَاعِ
دُونَ الْحَضَانَةِ.
وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ لَا يَجِبُ حِبْرٌ
وَخَيْطٌ وَكُحْلٌ عَلَى وَرَّاقٍ وَخَيَّاطٍ وَكَحَّالٍ.
قُلْت:
صَحَّحَ الرَّافِعِيُّ فِي الشَّرْحِ الرُّجُوعَ فِيهِ إلَى الْعَادَةِ، فَإِنْ
اضْطَرَبَتْ وَجَبَ الْبَيَانُ وَإِلَّا فَتَبْطُلُ الْإِجَارَةُ، وَاَللَّهُ
أَعْلَمُ.
Section
A Moslem cannot be
hired to take part in the war
against infidels,
nor to perform his
duties towards God, where an intention
is necessary,
except as far as
regards the pilgrimage, and the
distribution of the tax.
On the
other hand, a person may be engaged
to perform funeral cere-
monies, including
burial, and to teach the Koran.
Similarly a woman
may be engaged to
nurse a child and give it suck,
either for both these
obligations
combined, or for one or the other,
for they are two distinct
obligations.
To nurse a child means to look after
it and wash both
its head and
body, to clean its clothes, put
pomade on its hair, and
ointment
round its eyes, put it to bed
and rock it to sleep. From these
principles it follows that when a
woman has been hired to nurse and
give suck to a child, our school
admits that the contract is ipso facto
dissolved, so far as concerns the
suckling, when the breasts are dry ;
but, in spite of this, it
holds good for the nursing. fA
copyist is not
bound to bring ink
at his own expense, nor a tailor
thread, nor an eye-
doctor collyrium.
[Rafii has shown in his
commentary that in such a case everything
depends on custom ; if there is
no custom, special stipulations should
always be made with regard to
the obligations just mentioned ; otherwise
the whole contract is null and
void.]
فصل [فيما يلزم المكري أو المكتري لعقار أو دابة]
يَجِبُ
تَسْلِيمُ مِفْتَاحِ الدَّارِ إلَى الْمُكْتَرِي، وَعِمَارَتُهَا عَلَى
الْمُؤَجِّرِ، فَإِنْ بَادَرَ وَأَصْلَحَهَا، وَإِلَّا فَلِلْمُكْتَرِي
الْخِيَارُ، وَكَسْحُ الثَّلْجِ عَنْ السَّطْحِ عَلَى الْمُؤَجِّرِ، وَتَنْظِيفُ
عَرْصَةِ الدَّارِ عَنْ ثَلْجٍ وَكُنَاسَةٍ عَلَى الْمُكْتَرِي.
وَإِنْ
أَجَّرَ دَابَّةً لِرُكُوبٍ فَعَلَى الْمُؤَجِّرِ إكَافٌ وَبَرْذَعَةٌ وَحِزَامٌ
وَثَفَرٌ وَبُرَةٌ وَخِطَامٌ، وَعَلَى الْمُكْتَرِي مَحْمِلٌ وَمِظَلَّةٌ
وَوِطَاءٌ وَغِطَاءٌ وَتَوَابِعُهَا، وَالْأَصَحُّ فِي السَّرْجِ اتِّبَاعُ
الْعُرْفِ، وَظَرْفُ الْمَحْمُولِ عَلَى الْمُؤَجِّرِ فِي إجَارَةِ الذِّمَّةِ،
وَعَلَى الْمُكْتَرِي فِي إجَارَةِ الْعَيْنِ، وَعَلَى الْمُؤَجِّرِ فِي إجَارَةِ
الذِّمَّةِ الْخُرُوجُ مَعَ الدَّابَّةِ لِتَعَهُّدِهَا، وَإِعَانَةُ الرَّاكِبِ
فِي رُكُوبِهِ وَنُزُولِهِ بِحَسَبِ الْحَاجَةِ، وَرَفْعُ الْمَحْمِلِ وَحَطُّهُ،
وَشَدُّ الْمَحْمِلِ وَحَلُّهُ، وَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ فِي إجَارَةِ الْعَيْنِ إلَّا
التَّخْلِيَةُ بَيْنَ الْمُكْتَرِي وَالدَّابَّةِ.
وَتَنْفَسِخُ
إجَارَةُ الْعَيْنِ بِتَلَفِ الدَّابَّةِ، وَيَثْبُتُ الْخِيَارُ بِعَيْبِهَا،
وَلَا خِيَارَ فِي إجَارَةِ الذِّمَّةِ، بَلْ يَلْزَمُهُ الْإِبْدَالُ،
وَالطَّعَامُ الْمَحْمُولُ لِيُؤْكَلَ يُبْدَلُ إذَا أُكِلَ فِي
الْأَظْهَرِ.
Section
The landlord should
give the tenant the keys of the
house, and keep
it in good repair ;
for if it is uninhabitable, and the
landlord does not
hasten to repair
it, the tenant may cancel the
agreement for the renting
of it. It
is also the landlord’s duty to clear
the snow from the roof ;
but the
tenant has to clear away the snow
fallen in the court yard,
and have
the house swept. In the case of
an animal hired to ride, the
owner
must supply an ikaf or shabrack, a
pack-saddle, a girth, a crupper,
a nose-ring,
except in the case of a camel, and a
bridle ; while litter,
baldachin, mattress,
blanket, and accessories must be supplied
by the
hirer. fCustom decides which
of the two parties supplies the saddle.
The packing of goods for transport
is the duty of the owner of
the animal,
at least where a specified
animal has not been hired ; for in
the latter
case the expense of
packing must be borne by the hirer,
and the owner
must accompany his
animal to take care of it, and
lend the rider assist-
ance to mount
and dismount, if it be at all
necessary. La the case of
a beast of
burden the owner should accompany it
in order to load and
unload it,
or to fasten and unfasten the
litter. On the other hand,
where
some specified animal is hired, the
owner need merely give the
hirer
opportunity to make use of it. The
hiring of some specified animal
is
cancelled ipso facto by the death of
the animal ; and in case of redhi-
bitory
defects, the hirer has a right to
cancel the contract. If it is not
a
specified animal that has been hired,
the death of the animal the owner
had in view does not of itself
give rise to the dissolution or
cancellation
of the contract, for he
is obliged, if necessary, to supply
another. *Pro-
visions taken on a journey
by the owner of the animal and
by the hirer
for their mutual
nourishment, should be replaced with
others by the
party who has consumed
them.
فَصْلٌ [في بيان غاية المدة التي تقدر بها المنفعة تقريبًا]
يَصِحُّ
عَقْدُ الْإِجَارَةِ مُدَّةً تَبْقَى فِيهَا الْعَيْنُ غَالِبًا.
وَفِي
قَوْلٍ لَا يُزَادُ عَلَى سَنَةٍ وَفِي قَوْلٍ ثَلَاثِينَ وَلَلْمُكْتَرِي
اسْتِيفَاءُ الْمَنْفَعَةِ بِنَفْسِهِ وَبِغَيْرِهِ فَيُرْكِبُ وَيُسَكِّنُ
مِثْلَهُ، وَلَا يُسَكِّنُ حَدَّادًا وَقَصَّارًا، وَمَا يُسْتَوْفَى مِنْهُ
كَدَارٍ وَدَابَّةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ لَا يُبْدَلُ، وَمَا يُسْتَوْفَى بِهِ كَثَوْبٍ
وَصَبِيٍّ عُيِّنَ لِلْخَيَّاطَةِ وَالِارْتِضَاعِ يَجُوزُ إبْدَالُهُ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ.
وَيَدُ الْمُكْتَرِي عَلَى الدَّابَّةِ وَالثَّوْبِ
يَدُ أَمَانَةٍ مُدَّةَ الْإِجَارَةِ وَكَذَا بَعْدَهَا فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَلَوْ
رَبَطَ دَابَّةً اكْتَرَاهَا لِحَمْلٍ أَوْ رُكُوبٍ وَلَمْ يَنْتَفِعْ بِهَا لَمْ
يَضْمَنْ إلَّا إذَا انْهَدَمَ عَلَيْهَا إصْطَبْلٌ فِي وَقْتٍ لَوْ انْتَفَعَ
بِهَا لَمْ يُصِبْهَا الْهَدْمُ.
وَلَوْ تَلِفَ الْمَالُ فِي يَدِ
أَجِيرٍ بِلَا تَعَدٍّ كَثَوْبٍ اُسْتُؤْجِرَ لِخِيَاطَتِهِ أَوْ صَبْغِهِ لَمْ
يَضْمَنْ إنْ لَمْ يَنْفَرِدْ بِالْيَدِ بِأَنْ قَعَدَ الْمُسْتَأْجِرُ مَعَهُ
أَوْ أَحْضَرَهُ مَنْزِلَهُ، وَكَذَا إنْ انْفَرَدَ فِي أَظْهَرِ الْأَقْوَالِ،
وَالثَّالِثُ يَضْمَنُ الْمُشْتَرَكُ، وَهُوَ مَنْ الْتَزَمَ عَمَلاً فِي
ذِمَّتِهِ، لَا الْمُنْفَرِدُ، وَهُوَ مَنْ أَجَرَ نَفْسَهُ مُدَّةً مُعَيَّنَةً
لِعَمَلٍ وَلَوْ دَفَعَ ثَوْبًا إلَى قَصَّارٍ لِيُقَصِّرَهُ أَوْ خَيَّاطٍ
لِيَخِيطَهُ فَفَعَلَ وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ لَهُ أُجْرَةً فَلَا أُجْرَةَ لَهُ،
وَقِيلَ لَهُ، وَقِيلَ إنْ كَانَ مَعْرُوفًا بِذَلِكَ الْعَمَلِ فَلَهُ، وَإِلَّا
فَلَا، وَقَدْ يُسْتَحْسَنُ.
وَلَوْ تَعَدَّى الْمُسْتَأْجِرُ
بِأَنْ ضَرَبَ الدَّابَّةَ أَوْ كَبَحَهَا فَوْقَ الْعَادَةِ أَوْ أَرْكَبَهَا
أَثْقَلَ مِنْهُ أَوْ أَسْكَنَ حَدَّادًا أَوْ قَصَّارًا ضَمِنَ الْعَيْنَ،
وَكَذَا لَوْ اكْتَرَى لِحَمْلِ مِائَةِ رِطْلٍ مِنْ حِنْطَةٍ فَحَمَلَ مِائَةً
شَعِيرًا أَوْ عَكَسَ أَوْ لِعَشَرَةِ أَقْفِزَةِ شَعِيرٍ فَحَمَلَ حِنْطَةً
دُونَ عَكْسِهِ.
وَلَوْ اكْتَرَى لِمِائَةٍ فَحَمَلَ مِائَةً
وَعَشَرَةً لَزِمَهُ أُجْرَةُ الْمِثْلِ لِلزِّيَادَةِ، وَإِنْ تَلِفَتْ بِذَلِكَ
ضَمِنَهَا إنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ صَاحِبُهَا مَعَهَا، فَإِنْ كَانَ ضَمِنَ قِسْطَ
الزِّيَادَةِ وَفِي قَوْلٍ نِصْفَ الْقِيمَةِ، وَلَوْ سَلَّمَ الْمِائَةَ
وَالْعَشَرَةَ إلَى الْمُؤَجِّرِ فَحَمَّلَهَا جَاهِلاً ضَمِنَ الْمُكْتَرِي
عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ وَلَوْ وَزَنَ الْمُؤَجِّرُ وَحَمَّلَ فَلَا أُجْرَةَ
لِلزِّيَادَةِ، وَلَا يَضْمَنُ إنْ تَلِفَتْ.
وَلَوْ أَعْطَاهُ
ثَوْبًا لِيَخِيطَهُ فَخَاطَهُ قَبَاءً وَقَالَ أَمَرْتنِي بِقَطْعِهِ قَبَاءً
فَقَالَ بَلْ قَمِيصًا فَالْأَظْهَرُ تَصْدِيقُ الْمَالِكِ بِيَمِينِهِ، وَلَا
أُجْرَةَ عَلَيْهِ، وَعَلَى الْخَيَّاطِ أَرْشُ النَّقْصِ.
Section
A contract of hiring
may be entered into for as long a
period as the
ordinary duration of
the thing hired. According, however, to
ono
jurist, the term can never
exceed one year ; another fixes the
maximum
at thirty years.
The hirer
may make use of the thing hired,
either personally, or by
an intermediary.
The only thing insisted on is that a
substitute em-
powered to ride an animal
or inhabit a house should not be of
an essen-
tially different condition of
life from that of the principal
hirer or tenant.
Thus, for example,
one cannot sublet a house to a blacksmith
or a
scourer.
The owner cannot
replace the thing whose use he has
to permit,
e.g . a house or a mount, by
any other object, even of the same
kind, at
least if it is a case
of something specified. *But a person who
has
engaged some one, e.g . to sew a
coat or suckle a child, even if
these are
specified, may substitute
another coat or another child.
During the term of the
contract, fand even after its expiiy, the
hirer’s possession is considered to
be of the same nature as that
of a
depositary. Thus a person who
hires an animal to carry a load or
to ride,
and does not use it,
but merely ties it up somewhere, is
only responsible
if the stable collapses
while the animal is tied up in
it, and at a time
when the animal
could not have been injured if the
person had made
use of it. In
case of the accidental loss of an
article entrusted to
the care of a
workman, without any fault upon his
part, for instance
the loss of a
coat he has been told to mend
or dye, he is not responsible.
This
rule applies not only to the case
where the workman has no exclusive
possession of the article, for
instance, where the owner sits by
his side
during the work, or makes
him come to his house to do
it, *but also to the
contrary case.
Some authors, howrever, maintain a different
opinion,
distinguishing between a workman on
contract and an ordinary work-
man,
and contend that the former is
responsible, but not the latter, who
merely supplies his labour for a
specified piece of work, or for a
specified
time.
A workman to whom a
coat has been entrusted for scouring
or mending, without mentioning any
wages, cannot claim any wages
after
the termination of the work. Some
authorities, it is true, main-
tain the
contrary ; while others contend that under
these circum-
stances the workman should
be remunerated, if that particular kind
of work is his trade, though
not otherwise. Obviously the latter are
right.
In all cases where it
can be shown to be the hirer’s
fault, he is re-
sponsible for the
loss of the thing hired, as for
instance if he gives more
blows to
an animal, or stops it more
suddenly, than is usual ; or if he
allows it to be ridden by a
heavier rider than himself ; or if
he allows a
house which he has
hired to be occupied by a blacksmith
or a scourer.
The same principle applies
to the responsibility of a person who
hires
an animal for carrying a weight
of one hundred ratal of wheat, and
makes
it carry a weight of one
hundred ratal of barley, or vice
versd ; or who
hires it to carry a
measure of ten kafiz of barley, and
loads it with a
measure of ten
kafiz of wheat ; for these changes really
cause an aggra-
vation of the beast’s
burden. But no responsibility is incurred
by
replacing ten kafiz of barley
with ten kafiz of wheat. A person who
lines an animal to carry one
hundred pounds and loads it with one
hundred and ten, owes to the
owner a reasonable indemnity for the
surplus ; and he is responsible for
the death of the animal if this is
caused by the additional load,
unless the owner accompanied him and
consented to it. In these
circumstances the hirer owes for the death
of the animal an indemnity
proportional to the extra service rendered,
or, according to one jurist, half
the value of the animal. Our school
admits the responsibility of the
hirer in a case where the one
hundred and
ten pounds are delivered
to the owner of the animal, who
undertakes
the transport in ignorance of
the excess ; but if the owner undertakes
the transport after ascertaining the
weight and without raising any
objection
about the surplus, the law prescribes
neither indemnity nor
responsibility on
the part of the hirer.
*When a
piece of cloth is delivered to a
tailor to make into clothing,
and he
makes a coat out of it and says
that was the order given, and
the
owner says his order was for a
shirt, the presumption is in favour
of the owner, provided he takes
an oath to that effect ; and not
only does he owe nothing to
the tailor, but the latter is liable
for
damages.
فصل [فيما يقتضي انفساخ الإجارة والتخيير في فسخها وما لا يقتضيهما]
لَا
تَنْفَسِخُ الْإِجَارَةُ بِعُذْرٍ؛ كَتَعَذُّرِ وَقُودِ حَمَّامٍ وَسَفَرٍ
وَمَرَضِ مُسْتَأْجِرِ دَابَّةٍ لِسَفَرٍ، وَلَوْ اسْتَأْجَرَ أَرْضًا
لِزِرَاعَةِ فَزَرَعَ فَهَلَكَ الزَّرْعُ بِجَائِحَةٍ فَلَيْسَ لَهُ الْفَسْخُ
وَلَا حَطُّ شَيْءٍ مِنْ الْأُجْرَةِ، وَتَنْفَسِخُ بِمَوْتِ الدَّابَّةِ
وَالْأَجِيرِ الْمُعَيَّنَيْنِ فِي الْمُسْتَقْبَلِ لَا الْمَاضِي فِي
الْأَظْهَرِ، فَيَسْتَقِرُّ قِسْطُهُ مِنْ الْمُسَمَّى، وَلَا تَنْفَسِخُ
بِمَوْتِ الْعَاقِدَيْنِ وَمُتَوَلِّي الْوَقْفِ، وَلَوْ آجَرَ الْبَطْنَ
الْأَوَّلَ مُدَّةً وَمَاتَ قَبْلَ تَمَامِهَا، أَوْ الْوَلِيُّ صَبِيًّا مُدَّةً
لَا يَبْلُغُ فِيهَا بِالسِّنِّ فَبَلَغَ بِالِاحْتِلَامِ فَالْأَصَحُّ
انْفِسَاخُهَا فِي الْوَقْفِ لَا الصَّبِيِّ.
وَأَنَّهَا تَنْفَسِخُ
بِانْهِدَامِ الدَّارِ.
لَا انْقِطَاعِ مَاءِ أَرْضٍ اُسْتُؤْجِرَتْ
لِزِرَاعَةٍ، بَلْ يَثْبُتُ الْخِيَارُ، وَغَصْبُ الدَّابَّةِ وَإِبَاقُ
الْعَبْدِ يُثْبِتُ الْخِيَارَ.
وَلَوْ أَكْرَى جِمَالاً وَهَرَبَ
وَتَرَكَهَا عِنْدَ الْمُكْتَرِي رَاجَعَ الْقَاضِيَ لِيَمُونَهَا مِنْ مَالِ
الْجَمَّالِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ لَهُ مَالاً اقْتَرَضَ عَلَيْهِ، فَإِنْ وَثِقَ
بِالْمُكْتَرِي دَفَعَهُ إلَيْهِ، وَإِلَّا جَعَلَهُ عِنْدَ ثِقَةٍ، وَلَهُ أَنْ
يَبِيعَ مِنْهَا قَدْرَ النَّفَقَةِ، وَلَوْ أَذِنَ لِلْمُكْتَرِي فِي
الْإِنْفَاقِ مِنْ مَالِهِ لِيَرْجِعَ جَازَ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ.
وَمَتَى
قَبَضَ الْمُكْتَرِي الدَّابَّةَ أَوْ الدَّارَ وَأَمْسَكَهَا حَتَّى مَضَتْ
مُدَّةُ الْإِجَارَةِ اسْتَقَرَّتْ الْأُجْرَةُ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَنْتَفِعْ، وَكَذَا
لَوْ اكْتَرَى دَابَّةً لِرُكُوبٍ إلَى مَوْضِعٍ وَقَبَضَهَا وَمَضَتْ مُدَّةُ
إمْكَانِ السَّيْرِ إلَيْهِ، وَسَوَاءٌ فِيهِ إجَارَةُ الْعَيْنِ وَالذِّمَّةِ
إذَا سَلَّمَ الدَّابَّةَ الْمَوْصُوفَةَ وَتَسْتَقِرُّ فِي الْإِجَارَةِ
الْفَاسِدَةِ أُجْرَةُ الْمِثْلِ بِمَا يَسْتَقِرُّ بِهِ الْمُسَمَّى فِي
الصَّحِيحَةِ.
وَلَوْ أَكْرَى عَيْنًا مُدَّةً وَلَمْ يُسَلِّمْهَا
حَتَّى مَضَتْ انْفَسَخَتْ، وَلَوْ لَمْ يُقَدِّرْ مُدَّةً وَأَجَّرَ لِرُكُوبٍ
إلَى مَوْضِعٍ وَلَمْ يُسَلِّمْهَا حَتَّى مَضَتْ مُدَّةُ السَّيْرِ فَالْأَصَحُّ
أَنَّهَا لَا تَنْفَسِخُ.
وَلَوْ أَجَّرَ عَبْدَهُ ثُمَّ أَعْتَقَهُ
فَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهَا لَا تَنْفَسِخُ الْإِجَارَةُ وَأَنَّهُ لَا خِيَارَ
لِلْعَبْدِ، وَالْأَظْهَرُ أَنَّهُ يَرْجِعُ عَلَى سَيِّدِهِ بِأُجْرَةِ مَا
بَعْدَ الْعِتْقِ.
وَيَصِحُّ بَيْعُ الْمُسْتَأْجَرَةِ
لَلْمُكْتَرِي، وَلَا تَنْفَسِخُ الْإِجَارَةُ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَلَوْ بَاعَهَا
لِغَيْرِهِ جَازَ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ وَلَا تَنْفَسِخُ.
Section
A contract of hiring
remains intact, even where the hirer
is prevented
from making use of the
thing hired, for example, if he has
no com-
bustibles for heating his bath,
or cannot use it on account of a
journey,
or if he falls ill after
hiring an animal for a journey. Nor
can a contract
of hiring be cancelled
when the crop from a field hired for
sowing perishes
from some calamity. In
none of these circumstances may even a
partial
remission of the amount of
the hire be claimed. On the other
hand,
the contract is ipso facto
dissolved by the death of the animal
or of the
workman ; at least if
it is a specified animal or a particular
workman ;
but the consequences of
this dissolution are not retrospective. There-
fore the hire or the wages are
due in proportion to the work done
or the
use made of the article.
Except in the case of a hiring of
the labour or
services of a particular
workman, the contract is not dissolved
by the
death of the contracting
parties, even if the lessor be the
trustee of a
wahaf . fBut wThere the
hiring has been contracted by the
trustee of a
wahaf with a life
interest, of the first generation, for a
certain time,
the contract is dissolved
by his death before the expiration
of that term.
fOn the other hand,
if a guardian agrees that his ward
shall go and work
with some one
as an apprentice for a salary, and
for a term that expires
before he
can attain the age of puberty, the
agreement holds good up
to the
expiration of that term, even though
majority were attained
before the legal
age by the occurrence of nocturnal
pollutions. The
renting of a house is
cancelled ipso facto by the fall of
the building.
But the renting of a
field is not cancelled by a failure
of its means of
irrigation ; though
the farmer may cancel the agreement.
The usur-
pation of an animal or the
escape of a slave also give a person
who has
hired them a right of
cancellation.
When, after hiring out
one’s camels to some one, one leaves
them at
his domicile, he must apply
to the court before proceeding to seize
the camel-driver’s goods for the
cost of their up-keep. If the camel-
driver has nothing that can be
seized, the court should borrow money
for him, and deliver it to the
hirer if it can trust him ; if
not, it should
deposit the amount
with some person worthy of confidence.
In case
of necessity the court can
even proceed to sell some of the
camels left
in order to defray the
cost of upkeep of the others. *r,
finally, the
court can authorise the
hirer to keep the camels at his
own expense,
in which case he can
recover the cost from the owner.
The taking of possession of an
animal by the hirer, or of a house
by
the tenant, and the fact of
having kept the one or occupied the
other
until the expiry of the
contract, suffice together to constitute
an obliga-
tion to pay the price,
even though no use has been made
of the thing
hired. It is the
same where an animal is hired for a
journey to some
specified place, and
kept until the time necessary for
such a journey
has expired. It is of
no consequence whether it is or is
not a particular
specified animal, provided
that in the latter case the owner
really
delivers to the hirer an
animal that possesses the qualities stipulated,
ffln the case of an illegal
hiring, a reasonable remuneration is due, in
proportion to the time during which
the object is retained.
The contract
is ipso facto dissolved where the
owner does not deliver
the object to
the hirer within the time agreed
upon ; fbut where no
time has been
fixed for the duration of the
hiring, no such consequence
follows even
where an animal is hired for a
journey to some particular
place, and
the owner delivers the animal to the
hirer after the time
for such a
journey has expired. Nor is the
agreement affected by the
enfranchisement
of a slave just hired ; for in these
circumstances, the
freed slave can
fneither break the engagement entered into
by his
master *nor recover from him
the wages he might have gained for
his
services after his enfranchisement.
The sale of an object hired out to
a tenant is lawful, fand does not
affect the hiring ; *one may even
admit
the validity of the sale of an
object hired out to a third party
without the hiring being in any
way affected.
كتاب إحْيَاءِ الْمَوَاتِ
BOOK 22 .— OCCUPATION OF LAND (IHYA AL-MAWAT)
الْأَرْضُ الَّتِي لَمْ تُعَمَّرْ قَطُّ إنْ كَانَتْ بِبِلَادِ الْإِسْلَامِ؛
فَلِلْمُسْلِمِ تَمَلُّكُهَا بِالْإِحْيَاءِ.
وَلَيْسَ هُوَ
لِذِمِّيٍّ.
وَإِنْ كَانَتْ بِبِلَادِ الْكُفَّارِ فَلَهُمْ
إحْيَاؤُهَا، وَكَذَا لِلْمُسْلِمِ إنْ كَانَتْ مِمَّا لَا يَذُبُّونَ
الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَنْهَا.
وَمَا كَانَ مَعْمُورًا
فَلِمَالِكِهِ.
فَإِنْ لَمْ يُعْرَفْ وَالْعِمَارَةُ إسْلَامِيَّةٌ
فَمَالٌ ضَائِعٌ.
وَإِنْ كَانَتْ جَاهِلِيَّةً فَالْأَظْهَرُ
أَنَّهُ يُمْلَكُ بِالْإِحْيَاءِ.
وَلَا يُمْلَكُ بِالْإِحْيَاءِ
حَرِيمٌ مَعْمُورٌ، وَهُوَ مَا تَمَسُّ الْحَاجَةُ إلَيْهِ لِتَمَامِ
الِانْتِفَاعِ، فَحَرِيمُ الْقَرْيَةِ النَّادِي، وَمُرْتَكَضُ الْخَيْلِ،
وَمُنَاخُ الْإِبِلِ، وَمَطْرَحُ الرَّمَادِ وَنَحْوُهَا، وَحَرِيمُ الْبِئْرِ
فِي الْمَوَاتِ مَوْقِفُ النَّازِحِ، وَالْحَوْضُ، وَالدُّولَابُ، وَمُجْتَمَعُ
الْمَاءِ، وَمُتَرَدِّدُ الدَّابَّةِ، وَحَرِيمُ الدَّارِ فِي الْمَوَاتِ
مَطْرَحُ رَمَادٍ وَكُنَاسَةٌ وَثَلْجٌ، وَمَمَرٌّ فِي صَوْبِ الْبَابِ،
وَحَرِيمُ آبَارِ الْقَنَاةِ مَا لَوْ حُفِرَ فِيهِ نَقَصَ مَاؤُهَا أَوْ خِيفَ
الِانْهِيَارُ وَالدَّارُ الْمَحْفُوفَةُ بِدُورٍ لَا حَرِيمَ لَهَا،
وَيَتَصَرَّفُ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ فِي مِلْكِهِ عَلَى الْعَادَةِ، فَإِنْ تَعَدَّى
ضَمِنَ، وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَتَّخِذَ دَارِهِ الْمَحْفُوفَةَ
بِمَسَاكِنَ حَمَّامًا وَإِصْطَبْلاً، وَحَانُوتَهُ فِي الْبَزَّازِينَ حَانُوتَ
حَدَّادٍ إذَا احْتَاطَ وَأَحْكَمِ الْجُدْرَانَ.
وَيَجُوزُ
إحْيَاءُ مَوَاتِ الْحَرَمِ، دُونَ عَرَفَاتٍ فِي الْأَصَحِّ قُلْت:
وَمُزْدَلِفَةُ وَمِنًى كَعَرَفَةَ، وَاَللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.
وَيَخْتَلِفُ
الْإِحْيَاءُ بِحَسَبِ الْغَرَضِ فَإِنْ أَرَادَ مَسْكَنًا اشْتَرَطَ تَحْوِيطَ
الْبُقْعَةِ وَسَقْفَ بَعْضِهَا وَتَعْلِيقَ باب، وَفِي الْبَابِ وَجْهٌ أَوْ
زَرِيبَةَ دَوَابَّ فَتَحْوِيطٌ لَا سَقْفٌ، وَفِي الْبَابِ الْخِلَافُ.
أَوْ
مَزْرَعَةً فَجَمْعُ التُّرَابِ حَوْلَهَا، وَتَسْوِيَةُ الْأَرْضِ وَتَرْتِيبُ
مَاءٍ لَهَا إنْ لَمْ يَكْفِهَا الْمَطَرُ، الْمُعْتَادُ، لَا الزِّرَاعَةُ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ.
أَوْ بُسْتَانًا فَجَمْعُ التُّرَابِ، وَالتَّحْوِيطُ
حَيْثُ جَرَتْ الْعَادَةُ بِهِ وَتَهْيِئَةُ مَاءٍ، وَيُشْتَرَطُ الْغَرْسُ عَلَى
الْمَذْهَبِ.
وَمَنْ شَرَعَ فِي عَمَلِ إحْيَاءٍ وَلَمْ يُتِمَّهُ
أَوْ أَعْلَمَ عَلَى بُقْعَةٍ بِنَصْبِ أَحْجَارٍ أَوْ غَرَزَ خَشَبًا
فَمُتَحَجِّرٌ، وَهُوَ أَحَقُّ بِهِ لَكِنَّ الْأَصَحَّ أَنَّهُ لَا يَصِحُّ
بَيْعُهُ، وَأَنَّهُ لَوْ أَحْيَاهُ آخَرُ مَلَكَهُ.
وَلَوْ طَالَتْ
مُدَّةُ التَّحَجُّرِ قَالَ لَهُ السُّلْطَانُ أَحْيِ أَوْ اُتْرُكْ، فَإِنْ
اسْتَمْهَلَ أُمْهِلَ مُدَّةً قَرِيبَةً.
وَلَوْ أَقْطَعَهُ
الْإِمَامُ مَوَاتًا صَارَ أَحَقَّ بِإِحْيَائِهِ كَالْمُتَحَجِّرِ.
وَلَا
يُقْطِعُ إلَّا قَادِرًا عَلَى الْإِحْيَاءِ، وَقَدْرًا يَقْدِرُ عَلَيْهِ،
وَكَذَا التَّحَجُّرُ.
وَالْأَظْهَرُ أَنَّ لِلْإِمَامِ أَنْ
يَحْمِيَ بُقْعَةَ مَوَاتٍ لِرَعْيِ نَعَمِ جِزْيَةٍ وَصَدَقَةٍ وَضَالَّةٍ
وَضَعِيفٍ عَنْ النُّجْعَةِ، وَأَنَّ لَهُ نَقْضَ مَا حَمَاهُ لِلْحَاجَةِ.
وَلَا
يَحْمِي لِنَفْسِهِ.
BOOK 22 .— OCCUPATION OF LAND
Section
Every believer may, by
clearing it, appropriate any piece of
land,
situated in a Moslem country, that
has never been cultivated or
built
upon. Infidel subjects of our Sovereign
do not enjoy this right.
Uncultivated
land in an infidel country can be
so occupied either by an
infidel or
a Moslem ; provided it is not a piece
of land from which a
Moslem has
been expelled, for this must return
to its former owner by
virtue of
the jus fostliminii. Land that has
been cultivated or built
upon belongs
to its proprietor ; and land that
still bears traces of
occupation previous
to the conversion of the country to
Islam, but of
which the owner is
unknown, is regarded as a thing lost,
and con-
sequently not susceptible of
appropriation. *Where, on the other hand,
the abandonment of the land dates
from a period before the conversion
ownership may be acquired by
clearing it.
Land that, though
uncultivated and unbuilt upon, serves as
harim
to other land already occupied,
cannot be appropriated by clearing.
By
harim is understood land contiguous to
other land, the use of which it
renders possible. Thus, in a village
the place of meeting of the in-
habitants, the training ground, the place
for the camels, the ditch for
depositing filth, and so on, must
be considered liarim ; while the harim
of
a well situated in uncultivated land
consists of the place where one
stands to draw water, the trough,
the irrigation wheel, the reservoir,
and
the place necessary for the animal
to turn the wheel. The harim
of a
house situated in uncultivated land
includes the ditches for filth,
for
odure and for snow, and the space
necessary to leave or enter by the
door. One must also consider as
the harim the reservoirs of a conduit
of water, as far round as a
well cannot be sunk without affecting the
quantity of water or threatening the
solidity of the reservoir. A house
immediately surrounded by others has
no harim .
One may dispose of
one’s property in conformity with custom,
and
one is responsible for the
prejudice caused to one’s neighbour only
in the
case of a disposition or act
of an exceptional nature, f One may
convert
one’s house, even if surrounded
by other buildings, into a bath or a
stable,
or establish a forge in one’s
shop situated perhaps in the bazar
of the
dealers in old clothes,
provided that the shop is shut off
on all sides from
the neighbouring
dwellings by walls.
fClearing is
permissible on the sacred territory of
Mecca, with the
exception of Mount
Arafa. [Mozdalifa and Mina are subject
to the
same law as .Mount Arafa.]
Clearing differs according to the
object in view. Thus, if a habita-
tion
is to be built, it is necessary,
before the habitation can be considered
finished, that the land should be
surrounded with a wall, that a part of
it should bo covered with a roof,
and a door built, though the necessity
of building a door lias been called
in question. In the case of an en-
closure for animals, it is necessary
to have a surrounding wall, but the
land need not be covered with a
roof. Authorities are not agreed as
to the necessity of a door in
such a case. If it is a matter of
clearing a
field, the sand must be
removed from all parts of it, the
land must be
levelled and the
necessary works constructed for its
irrigation, unless
the ordinary rains
suffice ; but the law does not
require it to be sown.
In the
case of a garden, the sand must be
removed, the land surrounded
by a wall
or a hedge, if such is the custom,
and means of irrigation
prepared ; and,
according to our school, trees must
be planted.
When one has begun
to clear land without finishing, or,
what is more,
when one has only
marked a piece of land with stones
or stakes, and not
yet begun to
clear it properly speaking, one is
considered to be the first
occupier,
and one has a prior right to
continue the work in preference
to
any other person. ^However, it is
forbidden to sell this purely
personal
right, and if in the meanwhile any
one in good faith clears the
land,
he will be considered as the owner.
Consequently, if the first
occupier allows
too long an interval to elapse
before continuing the
clearing the Sultan
should notify him either to continue
it or to abandon
the land, allowing
him a short respite if ho asks for
it. A person who
has obtained a concession
from the Sovereign has, so far as
clearing is
concerned, the same right
of preference as a person who has
begun to
clear but not continued.
Such concession is only to be given
to a person
able to complete his
undertaking, and in proportion to the
means at his
disposal. This latter
principle is applicable also to the
preference that
results from the simple
occupation of which we have just spoken.
*The Sovereign may reserve a part
of the uncultivated land, in order
to pasture upon it —
. Cattle
given as capitation or assessment.
.
Cattle escaped from a stable or enclosure
and seized by the police.
.
Cattle belonging to persons incapable of
obtaining forage.
*He also has a
right of dispensation with regard to
the regulating of
land so reserved,
if it is necessary ; but he can
never reserve uncultivated
land for his
own use.
فصل [في حكم المنافع المشتركة]
مَنْفَعَةُ الشَّارِعِ الْمُرُورُ،
وَيَجُوزُ الْجُلُوسُ بِهِ لِاسْتِرَاحَةٍ وَمُعَامَلَةٍ وَنَحْوِهِمَا إذَا لَمْ
يُضَيِّقْ عَلَى الْمَارَّةِ، وَلَا يُشْتَرَطُ إذْنُ الْإِمَامِ وَلَهُ
تَظْلِيلُ مَقْعَدِهِ بِبَارِيَّةٍ وَغَيْرِهَا وَلَوْ سَبَقَ إلَيْهِ اثْنَانِ
أُقْرِعَ، وَقِيلَ يُقَدِّمُ الْإِمَامُ بِرَأْيِهِ.
وَلَوْ جَلَسَ
فِيهِ لِلْمُعَامَلَةِ ثُمَّ فَارَقَهُ تَارِكًا لِلْحِرْفَةِ أَوْ مُنْتَقِلاً
إلَى غَيْرِهِ بَطَلَ حَقُّهُ، وَإِنْ فَارَقَهُ لِيَعُودَ لَمْ يَبْطُلْ إلَّا
أَنْ تَطُولَ مُفَارَقَتُهُ بِحَيْثُ يَنْقَطِعُ مُعَامِلُوهُ عَنْهُ
وَيَأْلَفُونَ غَيْرَهُ.
وَمَنْ أَلِفَ مِنْ الْمَسْجِدِ مَوْضِعًا
يُفْتِي فِيهِ وَيُقْرِئُ كَالْجَالِسِ فِي شَارِعٍ لِمُعَامَلَةٍ، وَلَوْ جَلَسَ
فِيهِ لِصَلَاةٍ لَمْ يَصِرْ أَحَقَّ بِهِ فِي غَيْرِهَا، فَلَوْ فَارَقَهُ
لِحَاجَةٍ لِيَعُودَ لَمْ يَبْطُلْ اخْتِصَاصُهُ، فِي تِلْكَ الصَّلَاةِ فِي
الْأَصَحِّ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَتْرُكْ إزَارَهُ.
وَلَوْ سَبَقَ رَجُلٌ
إلَى مَوْضِعٍ مِنْ رِبَاطٍ مُسَبَّلٍ أَوْ فَقِيهٌ إلَى مَدْرَسَةٍ، أَوْ
صُوفِيٌّ إلَى خَانْقَاهْ لَمْ يُزْعَجْ، وَلَمْ يَبْطُلْ حَقُّهُ بِخُرُوجِهِ
لِشِرَاءِ حَاجَةٍ وَنَحْوِهِ.
Section
By enjoyment of the
public road is understood the right
of each
person to go along it,
to sit down and rest, to speak
of one’s business,
etc., without in
any way annoying the passers-by. One
has no need of
any special
permission of the Sovereign in order
to rest, etc., upon the
public road
; and one may even shade the place
where one sits with a
mat, etc.
If two persons want to occupy the
same spot on the public
road at
the same time, chance should decide
between them, or, according
to others,
the public authority. If any one who
sits on the public road
to sell
his goods, leaves his place, either
because he wishes to discontinue
that
means of livelihood, or because he
wishes to occupy another place,
he
loses all his rights ; but if he
goes intending to return, his rights
remain intact, unless his absence is
so prolonged that his customers go
to some one else.
A learned
man who habitually frequents a certain
part of the mosque
to pronounce his
decisions and to teach, should be
regarded in the same
way as a person
established upon the public way to
carry on his business ;
but if
one is merely sitting in the mosque
to accomplish a prayer, one
has no
right to occupy the same place
again, in preference to another
person,
in order to say a later prayer, f A
person who chooses a place
m a mosque for
prayer, and leaves it for some
reason intending to return,
does not
lose his right to return to it,
in preference to all other persons,
if he wishes to finish the
prayer he has begun. He need not
even leave
his cloak to show that
the place is occupied. The traveller
who takes
up his quarters at a
public inn, or the doctor-at-law who
instals himself
at a college, or the
sufi at a monastery, should be left
in peace, and their
place should not
be occupied by others, if they
happen to leave it to buy
necessaries, etc.
فَصْلٌ [في بيان حكم الأعيان المشتركة المستفادة من الأرض]
الْمَعْدِنُ
الظَّاهِرُ وَهُوَ مَا خَرَجَ بِلَا عِلَاجٍ كَنِفْطٍ وَكِبْرِيتٍ وَقَارٍ
وَمُومْيَاءَ وَبِرَامٍ وَأَحْجَارِ رَحًى لَا يُمْلَكُ بِالْإِحْيَاءِ وَلَا
يَثْبُتُ فِيهِ اخْتِصَاصٌ بِتَحَجُّرٍ وَلَا إقْطَاعٍ فَإِنْ ضَاقَ نَيْلُهُ
قُدِّمَ السَّابِقُ إلَيْهِ بِقَدْرِ حَاجَتِهِ فَإِنْ طَلَبَ زِيَادَةً
فَالْأَصَحُّ إزْعَاجُهُ، فَلَوْ جَاءَا مَعًا أُقْرِعَ فِي الْأَصَحِّ.
وَالْمَعْدِنُ
الْبَاطِنُ وَهُوَ مَا لَا يَخْرُجُ إلَّا بِعِلَاجٍ كَذَهَبٍ وَفِضَّةٍ
وَحَدِيدٍ وَنُحَاسٍ لَا يُمْلَكُ بِالْحَفْرِ وَالْعَمَلِ فِي الْأَظْهَرِ
وَمَنْ أَحْيَا مَوَاتًا فَظَهَرَ فِيهِ مَعْدِنٌ بَاطِنٌ مَلَكَهُ وَالْمِيَاهُ
الْمُبَاحَةُ مِنْ الْأَوْدِيَةِ وَالْعُيُونِ فِي الْجِبَالِ يَسْتَوِي النَّاسُ
فِيهَا.
فَإِنْ أَرَادَ قَوْمٌ سَقْيَ أَرَضِيهِمْ مِنْهَا فَضَاقَ
سُقِيَ الْأَعْلَى فَالْأَعْلَى وَحَبَسَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ الْمَاءَ حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ
الْكَعْبَيْنِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ فِي الْأَرْضِ ارْتِفَاعٌ وَانْخِفَاضٌ أُفْرِدَ
كُلُّ طَرَفٍ بِسَقْيٍ وَمَا أُخِذَ مِنْ هَذَا الْمَاءِ فِي إنَاءٍ مُلِكَ عَلَى
الصَّحِيحِ.
وَحَافِرُ بِئْرٍ بِمَوَاتٍ لِلِارْتِفَاقِ أَوْلَى
بِمَائِهَا حَتَّى يَرْتَحِلَ.
وَالْمَحْفُورَةُ لِلتَّمَلُّكِ أَوْ
فِي مِلْكٍ يَمْلِكُ مَاءَهَا فِي الْأَصَحِّ، وَسَوَاءٌ مَلَكَهُ أَمْ لَا لَا
يَلْزَمُهُ بَذْلُ مَا فَضَلَ عَنْ حَاجَتِهِ لِزَرْعٍ، وَيَجِبُ لِمَاشِيَةٍ
عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ.
وَالْقَنَاةُ الْمُشْتَرَكَةُ يُقْسَمُ مَاؤُهَا
بِنَصْبِ خَشَبَةٍ فِي عُرْضِ النَّهْرِ فِيهَا ثُقَبٌ مُتَسَاوِيَةٌ أَوْ
مُتَفَاوِتَةٌ عَلَى قَدْرِ الْحِصَصِ، وَلَهُمْ الْقِسْمَةُ
مُهَايَأَةً
Section
“ Visible ” mines, those,
that is, from which material can be
extracted
without preliminary labour, as
in the case of deposits of naphtha,
sulphur,
pitch, or bitumen, or in
the case of millstone quarries, do
not become
private property by
exploitation, and no preferential right
arises from
first occupancy, nor even
from a concession from the Sovereign. If
the
yield of the mine is not
abundant, the first occupier can take
from the
mine what is enough for
his needs ; fbut if he wants to
take more,
it may be prohibited, f
Drawing lots must decide the priority,
where
two or more persons want to
begin the exploitation at the same time.
“ Hidden ” mines, those, that is,
from which nothing can be extracted
without preliminary labour, as gold,
silver, iron, and copper mines, *do
not become private property by the
mere fact of digging and exploita-
tion,
any moro than “ visible ones ;
but if a person clears uncultivated
land,
and discovers in it a “ hidden ” mine,
he obtains the ownership of
it, as
an accessory to the soil.
Every
one has an equal right to the
water of rivers and springs in
the
mountains, if it is ascertained that
no one has obtained exclusive
possession
of the water. If several persons
wish to use it for the irriga-
tion
of their fields, and the quantity of
water is not sufficient for an
extensive employment, the owner of
the highest land can water his
fields first, then the next lower,
and so on. None of them may retain
more of the water than is
required to inundate his fields to
the height
of the ankles ; and if
it is the case of a field of
varying level, each level
should be
separately considered in this respect, ff
Water, even when
common to all,
becomes private property as soon as
it is taken into any
sort of vessel.
A person who sinks a well on
uncultivated land, with the sole intention
of procuring the water he requires,
obtains in this way only a right of
preference until he has left the
place ; fbut if he sinks the well
in order
to become the owner of
it, he becomes proprietor of the
water as well.
In any case, whether
or not the water becomes private
property, the
person who has sunk
the well is never obliged to share
the superfluous
water with another person
if the latter only requires it for
agriculture ;
tfbut he must share
the superfluous water with any person
who wants
to water his animals.
The water of common canals is
distributed by means of wooden
sluices
in which holes are pierced, so that
the distribution may take place
either
equally or in proportion to the
respective rights of the co-pro-
prietors.
The partition may also be effected
by turns, in virtue of special
agreements between the owners having a
right to the water. []