Glossary of Arabic Words and Names | Minhaj al-Talibin Imam Nawawi
Title of book: Minhaj al-Talibin wa Umdat al-Muftin (منهاج الطالبين وعمدة المفتين في الفقه)
Author: Imam Nawawi
Full name: Imam Muhyiddin Abi Zakariyya Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (أبو زكريا يحيى بن شرف بن مُرِّيِّ بن حسن بن حسين بن محمد جمعة بن حِزام الحزامي النووي الشافعي)
Born: Muharram 631 AH/ October 1233 Nawa, Ayyubid Sultanate
Died: 24 Rajab 676 AH [9]/ 21 December 1277 (age 45) Nawa, Mamluk Sultanate
Resting place: Nawa, present Syria
Translated into English by: E. C. HOWARD
Field of study: sharia, Islamic law, fiqh, Islamic jurisprudence of Shafi'i's school of thought
Type of literature: classical Arabic
Contents
GLOSSARY OF ARABIC WORDS AND NAMES
Aakila, male relatives of a
criminal or other person, who are
liable to pay penalty
due for
injury, .
Aariya, loan, .
Aashura, tenth, i.e. tenth day
of the month of Muhurram, .
Aatakaf, religious retirement, .
Aatidal, a posture of the body
at prayer, .
Abu Hanifa, . Abn
Hanifa ibn Thabit, an eminent Muhammadan
scholar, was
born a.d. G at Kufa,
where he lectured on law, and died
at Baghdad in G.
He made
considerable use of analogy and equity,
like other jurists ; but more
especially
of a doctrine of preference for such
rules as suit local conditions.
*
Some eighty or ninety million Moslems
now belong to his school, being the
bulk
of the Muhammadan population of
the Indian, Ottoman, Russian, and Chinese
empires.
Adhhar, literally, clearer ;
indicates a doctrine preferred by Nawawi,
though the
contrary opinion is widely
accepted, xii., xiv.
Adhiya, sacrifices, .
Ahia-el-muat, vivifieation of the
dead, so, occupation of waste land, G.
Akdariya, a particular case of
succession, .
Alas, a species of
wdieat, .
Arafa, Mount, . A small
hill on a plain a few hours to the
east of Mecca, where
the pilgrims
assemble in the afternoon of the th
of Dulhejja and utter pious
ejaculations,
and loud shouts of labbaika.
Araya,
a permissible bartering of certain fruits, .
Asahh, literally, surer ; indicates a
doctrine preferred by Nawawi, though the
contrary opinion is maintained by
authorities of repute, xii., xiv.
Ashriba, beverages that are
forbidden, .
Atama, eatables, .
Awl, proportional reduction in share
of estate, .
Ayyam-at-tashrik, the
three days after the great festival,
i.e. the th, th, and th
of the
pilgrim month, .
Azan, the first
call to prayer, . '^>
Badana,
an expiatory sacrifice, .
Badia, a
wound, when the flesh has been
injured, .
Baghawi, el, . Abu
Muhammad of Bagh in Ivhorasan was a
jurist of the school
of Shafii, in
the oloventh century of our era. He
compiled the Masabih es Sunna
or
book of traditions arranged in each
chapter according to their worth, i.e.
sound traditions from the collections
of Bokhari and Muslim, others merely
good, and others unsound.
Banu
Hashim, Hashirn was the great-grandfather
of the prophet Muhammad, .
Banu
Muttalib, Abdul Muttalib was the
grandfather of the prophet, .
Banu
Shaiba, . The family to whose
custody were entrusted the keys of the
Kaba. The gate was apparently that
now represented by the circular archway
to the north-east of the sanctuary
in the court of the Musjid-el-haram.
Bent-labun, , two-year-old she-camel.
Bent-makhad,
, yearling she -camel.
Bia, sale or
barter, .
Bokhari, el. , .
Muhammad ibn Ismail, of Bokhara. He
was born in a.d.
and died
in ; and was tho author of
the principal canonical collection of
sound traditions of the teaching and
practice of the prophet Muhammad.
It
was known, like that of Muslim, as
the Sahih . He was apparently of the
school
of Sliafii.
Bowaiti, . A
contemporary and friend of Shafii.
Bughat, rebels, .
Damia, a
wound, where blood has flowed, .
Damigha, a wound, where the brain
is injured, .
Dawa, prosecution, , .
Debah, slaughtering, .
Deman,
responsibility, for damage, .
Dhihar,
injurious comparison, .
Dhohr, midday
prayer, .
Dinar, denarius aureus ; a
gold coin, of grains, worth
about ten shillings, .
Diya, price
of blood, .
Doha, a late morning
prayer, .
Drahm, drachme ; a silver
coin, worth about sixpence, .
Fatiha, “ opening ” chapter of the
Koran, .
Feraid, distribution of
estates, succession, .
Ghasb, usurpation,
.
< Ghorra, price of blood in
case of crime or njury causing
abortion, .
Hadd el Kazf,
defamation, . Literally „ limit of censure.
Hajj, pilgrimage to Mocca, .
Harim, , land that may not
be occupied, owing to its proximity
to other land.
Harisa, a wound where
only the skin has been cut or
scraped, .
Hashima, a wound where a
bone has been injured, .
Hiba,
gifts, .
Hikk, or hikka, ,
three-year-old camel, or she-camcl.
Ibu-labun, , two-year-old camel.
< Idda, period of retirement of a
widow or divorced woman, .
Ifaf,
an obligation to assist a father or
grandfather in certain circumstances, .
If rad, performing the hajj
and then the omra, .
Iftirash, a
manner of sitting, in prayer, .
<^Ihram, state of a person
accomplishing the pilgrimage, , .
Ijara, contract of hiring, .
Ijmaa, general agreement of the
Moslem community, . It is defined by
Professor
Goldziher as “ the general usage
of the community which has been
established
by agreement in the larger
circles of bcliovers independent of the
written
traditional or inferred law.”
<
Ikama, the second call to prayer, .^
Ikrar, admission, .
Ila, oath
of contincncy, .
Imam, leader, at
public prayer, . Of a school of law,
E.rj. esh-Shafii, , .
Also means the
Sovereign, the Caliph.
Irak, , .
Babylonia and Persia. The expression “
jurists of Irak ” is prac-
tically
synonymous with that of tho school
of Hanifa. Its most distinguished
other
representatives were his teacher Hammad b.
Abi Suleiman, his two pupils
Abu
Yusuf and Muhammad, and el Khassaf,
author of Adab-eUKadi .
Isha, the
prayer of the night, .
Istibra,
period of waiting of a slave, .
Itk, simple manumission, .
Izar, a garment worn at the
pilgrimage, .
Jaala, job-work, .
Jama masjid, . Lit. “assembly
place of prostration,” i.e. mosque for
public
prayer on Fridays.
Jamrat-al-akaba,
heap of stones at Mina, .
Jazaa, , four-year-old slie-camcl.
Jaziya, poll-tax, .
Jelus, a
sitting posture, at prayer, .
Jenaza, funeral ceremonies, .
Jerah,
wounds ; and so, crimes against the
person, .
Jesus Christ, . Like
the Christians of the first century,
the early Moslems would
seem to have
believed in the imminence of the
last judgment. The glorious
appearing of
the Nabi Isa was, however, to bo
preceded by the seven years’
reign
of the Mahdi, and this is presumably
the meaning of the passage referred to.
Jobba, a cloak, .
Kada,
administration of justice, .
Kafara,
expiation, with regard to injurious
comparison, .
Kafiz, a measure, .
Kanut, a formula of prayer, . J>
Kama, a defect in a woman giving
rise to right of option upon
marriage, .
Kataba, writing ; contract
of enfranchisement, .
Kati et trik,
brigands, .
Kaud, a sitting posture,
at prayer, .
Kesm, partition, thus
sharing of husband’s favours, .
Kesm
el fi wa el ghanima, distribution of
the profits of war and of booty, .
Kesm es Sadakat, distribution of
the proceeds of the charity tax, .
Keta-es-sarika, body-cutting ; i.e. crimes
punishable with amputation, .
Khalifa,
pregnant camel, .
Khula, divorce, .
Kibla, direction of prayer, .
Kiraa, recitation, of the Koran,
at prayer, .
Kirad, a joint-stock
company, .
Kiran, joint accomplishment
of hajj and omra, .
Kisas, law
of talion, .
Kiyam, standing up,
in prayer, .
<Kolla, , , a
jar or pitcher, a mcasuro.>
Kuba, a
forbidden kind of drum, .
Lekit,
foundlings, .
Lian, imprecation, .
Lokta, things found, .
Maghrib, evening prayer, .
Mahr, dower, equivalent of sadak, .
Majlis, lit. sitting ; right to
cancel a contract before separation of the
parties .
Makam Ibrahim, a small building
to the eastward of the Kaba, in
the Masjid-et
haram, at Mecca, where
the imam of the School of Shafii
takes his station, and
leads the
prayers of the congregation, .
Malik, , , . Malik ibn
Anas was born in a.d. and
died in . He was
a judge and
jurist, and lived and died at
Medina, where ho lectured on law. In
his teaching he emphasized the
principles of public advantage and general
agreement. His book the Muwatta is
one of the earliest collections of
traditions
and contains about . To
his school belong nearly all the
Muhammadans
of Africa, with the single
important exception of those of Lower
Egypt, a total
of some thirty millions.
Mamuma, a wound, where the
membrane of the brain has been
injured, .
Marwa, a spot in Mecca, a
little to the north-west of the
Masjid-el-haram, .
Mashhur, literally ,
well-known ; indicates a doctrine preferred by
Nawawi, and that
the contrary opinion
is not widely accepted, xii., xiv.
Masjid-el-haram, the great court and
colonnades round the Kaba at Mecca, .
Mihrab, a niche or other sign
in a mosque wall denoting the kibla
or direction of
prayer towards Mecca, .
Mina, a valley to the east of
Mecca, where the pilgrims perform their
sacrifices on
the tenth of Dulhejja, .
Minhaj, a guide or manual,
(titlo-page). Minhaj-et-Talibin may therefore
mean the
students’ guide.
Mithkal, a
weight, equal to one drahm and a
half, .
Mobadara, a kind of shooting
competition, .
Modaraba, a joint-stock
company, .
Modd, a measure of
capacity of about four gallons, . ;
\yC Mohakala, a forbidden bartering
of corn in the ear for husked
com, . y
Moharrar, literally , the
freed ; title of a law book upon
which the Minhaj-et-Talibin
is based, xi.,
xii.
Mohatta, a kind of shooting
competition, .
Mohsan, a respectable man,
, , .
Mokhabara, a kind of
lease, .
Mokhaddara, a young woman
not in the habit of going out, .
Mokharaja, hire of a slave for
his master’s profit, .
Mosaka, a
farming lease, .
Mosharaka, a particular
case of succession, .
Mosinna, a two
-year- old calf, .
Motah, a pecuniary
indemnity in certain cases of repudiation,
.
Mozabana, a forbidden bartering of
dates on the tree for dry dates, .
Mozakki, an employ for informing a
court as to the character of
witnesses, , .
Mozaraa, a kind of
lease, .
^Mozdalifa, a village between
Mount Arafa and Mina, where the
pilgrims to Mecca
pass the night
between the ninth and tenth of
Dulhejja, .
Muballigh, , a repeater
of the imam’s words and movements at
public prayer.
Mudiha, a wound, where
the bone has been uncovered, .
Muezzin, the man who utters
the call to prayer, .
Munadala,
shooting competitions, .
Munakkila, a
wound, where a bone is broken so
that the fragments are separated, .
Musabaka, racing, .
Muslim, ,
, . Muslim ibn el Hajjaj, jurist
of Nishapur, was born in a.d.
and
died in . He compiled a canonical
collection of sound traditions, known,
like that of his friend el-Bokhari,
by the name of Sahih , and of yet
greater
accuracy. His introduction treats
fully of the science of tradition in
general.
Mutalahlma, a wound, where the
flesh has been penetrated, .
Nafakah, maintenance, .
Nawawi,
(title-page). Abu Zakariya ibn Sharaf en
Nawawi was born in a.d. , at
the town of Nawa, between Galilee
and the Hauran. He became professor of
tradition at the Ashrafiya school in
Damascus, in , and was the author
of a
number of works, including the
present book, the Minhaj-et-Talibin. He died
in .
Nazr, vows, .
Neshuz, disobedience of wives, .
Nikah, marriage, .
Nisab,
taxable minimum, .
^ Niya, intention, .
^ Omra, visit to Mecca, .
Radaa, relationship by
fosterage, .
Rafli, er, Abu Kasim
er Rafii, author of the Moharrar,
upon which the Minhaj-et-
Talibin is
based. He lived about half a century
before Nawawi, xi., xii.
Rahn,
pledge or security, .
Raka, the
recital of a prayer ; thus “ two rakas ”
means a prayer said twice, .
Ramal, a way of making the circuit
of the Ivaba, .
Ratka, a defect
in a woman giving rise to a right of
option upon marriage, .
Rda, a
garment worn at the pilgrimage, .
Rejaa, return to conjugal union, .
Retel, about lb. av. dry
measure ; about J lbs. av. weight, ,
.
Ridda, apostasy, .
Rokna,
bending of the body at prayer, .
Royani, er, . A medieval writer,
author of the Bahr-el-Madhab.
N Saa, a
measure, equal to about eight handfuls
of corn,
Sabaeans, . These
Sabaean sects should more properly be
called Sabians, and
are not to be
confused with the ancient people of
Yemen. They were a semi-
Christian sect
of Babylonia, also known as Elkesaites,
and were regarded by
the early
Moslems as possessing a written scripture,
and so entitled to toleration.
A little
later the surviving pagans of Harran
also came to be regarded as Sabseans.
Sadak, dower, .
Safa, a small
mound in Mecca to the south-east of
the Masjid-el-haram, and corre-
sponding gate, .
<Sahih, literally authentic ; indicates
a doctrine preferred by Nawawi, and that
the
contrary opinion is not maintained
by authorities of repute, xii., xiv.
Sakhra, the “ rock,” possibly part
of the great altar of sacrifice in
front of the Jewish
temple, now
within the building known as the
Kubbet-es-Sakhra, in the Haram-
esh-Sherif
at Jerusalem, .
Sala, prayer, .
Salam, salutation ; at prayer, .
Salam, contract of ; a sale by
advance, .
Salat el jemaa, public
prayer, .
Sawad, , a district in
Irak.
Sawik, a kind of infusion or
decoction, .
Sayd, hunting, .
Sejud, prostration at prayer, .
Shaffi, xii. Muhammad ibn Idris
esh-Shafii was born in a.d. at
Gaza or Ascalon.
After studying law
under Malik at Medina he went to
Baghdad and was taught
there by
jurists of the school of Hanifa. He
himself lectured at Baghdad
between
and , but afterwards went to Egypt,
where he lived at Fostat
or Old
Cairo, and taught with great authority
until , when he died. Professor
Goldziher says that “ he systematized
the method for the deduction of laws
from
the sources of law and laid
down the exact limits within which
each might be used.
In his Risala
he created the science of the use
which could be made of speculative
deduction without lessening the undisputed
prerogatives of scripture and tra-
dition ;
he regulated their application and limited
their arbitrary use by strict rules.”
The
adherents of the school of Shafii
number some sixty or seventy million
persons, of whom about a half are
in the Netherlands Indies, and the
rest in
Egypt and Syria, the
Hadramaut, Southern India and Malaya.
Shah, , a young lamb or kid.
Shahada, testimony, .
Shashi,
esh, . A medieval writer, author of
the Hilyat-el-XJlema.
Shefaa, pre-emption, .
Sherka, partnership, . N
Sherkat-al-abdan (with Sh^al-mofawada and
shk-al-wujuh). Forbidden kinds of
partnership, .
Sherkat-al-inan, the
only permissible kind of partnership, .
Slaf, excusable homicide, .
Siam, fasting, .
Siar,
military expeditions, .
Simhak, a wound,
if the membrane enters the flesh,
and the bone is injured, .
Sobh,
the morning prayer, .
Sofia, bench,
porch or vestibule of a Moslem house
in Egypt, .
So It, a species
of grain, .
Sonna, , , .
The word Sonna or Sunna is used
in more senses than one.
In its
commoner signification it means the way
or usage of the prophet Mu-
hammad
as handed down by oral tradition.
This Sonna is an integral portion
of
the law and of the same binding
force as a precept of the Koran. But
in the
Mirihaj -ct-Talibin the word
generally signifies later practices which,
though
observed by the majority of
the faithful, have not acquired the
binding force
of the ijmaa, but are
merely regarded by most persons as
commendable.
Tabia, a yearling calf, .
Tadbir, testamentary manumission, .
Taflis, bankruptcy, .
Tahajud,
an early morning prayer, .
Tahallol,
normal condition, in contrast to a state
of ihram, .
Tahara, purity, .
Takbir, , the exclamation “ Allah
akbar,” “ God is most great.”
Talak,
repudiation, .
Talibin, students, (title-page).
Tamatto, performing the omra and
then the hajj, .
Tashahud, the
confession of faith, .
Tasua, ninth,
i.e. ninth day of the month of
Muharram, .
Tawarok, a sitting posture,
at prayer, .
Tertib, regular
ordering ; at prayer, .
Thaniya, ,
five-year-old she-camel.
Umhat-el-awlad, literally ,
motherhood of children ; and so, freedom
on account
of maternity, .
Wadiya,
deposits, .
Wakaf, , a religious or
charitable foundation.
Wakala, agency,
i.e. relations between principal and
agent, .
Wars, , a plant, memecylon
tinctorium.
Wasaya, wills, .
Wask,
, a measure ; lit. a cargo.
^_Witr, a
prayer consisting of an odd number
of rakas, .
Yeman, oaths, .
Yum-en-nahr, day of immolation of
victims at Mina on the tenth of
the pilgrim
month, .
Zakat, alms
contribution or charity tax, .
Zam-zam, a spring to the east
of the Kaba, in court of the
Masjid-el-Haram at Mecca,
the water of
which is drunk by the pilgrims, .
Zina, fornication.[]